JDS Feb 23-March 21 GC Flashcards

Question

Effects of a single transdermal administration of flunixin meglumine in early postpartum Holstein Friesian dairy cows: Part 2. Milk yield, culling risk, and reproductive performance Schmitt et al., 2023

Answer 1

We conclude that a single transdermal administration of FM in early postpartum dairy cows on farms at risk for excessive postpartum inflammation slightly increased milk, milk fat, and milk protein yields in PRIM cows and decreased these variables in MULT cows. Neither culling risk nor fertility was affected by treatment in this study.

Answer 2

It can be concluded that FM treatment slightly reduced inflammation and diminished the risk for metritis in primiparous cows, improved metabolic profile in multiparous cows, and reduced expressions of pain in all cows.

Answer 3

- Cows with high IgG showed higher concentrations of glucose compared with low IgG. - Cows with high IgA had higher concentrations of cholesterol, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, oxidant status index, and total protein, whereas beta-hydroxybutyrate and glucose were lower compared with low IgA. - Biomarkers of metabolic stress were not significantly different between high IgM and low IgM.

Answer 4

Because of their low cost, quickness, and ease of measurement, GGT and TP were good indicators of colostrum intake in calves arriving at rearing facilities beyond 14 d of age.

Answer 5

The addition of a second PGF treatment on d 7 and 8 of a 7-d Ovsynch protocol increased luteal regression and decreased mean P4 at G2. Cows treated with PGF2 alpha 2 times 24 h apart showed greater P/AI, compared with cows treated with an increased dose of PGF2 alpha.

Answer 6

In conclusion, voluntary soaker use related positively to the THI, but no major productive, physiological, or behavioral differences were observed between soaking treatments

Answer 7

Dairy cows dried off with antibiotics were found to have an improved Milk yiled ration MYR and cell count ratio CCR compared with the nontreated group, however the data also showed that only a small number of bacteriological examinations were performed before dry-off and a relatively large proportion of the dairy cows with negative bacteriological cultures or low SCC before dry-off were still dried off with antibiotics.

Answer 8

A feed additive containing encapsulated pepper fed at 0.75 or 1.5 g/d can improve yield of fat-corrected milk and milk solids by increasing feed intake without affecting nutrient digestibility and body temperature of lactating cows during the hot season.

Answer 9

Freestall housing and comfort rubber mats were identified as risk factors for udder cleft dermatitis on a herd level

Answer 10

 We found that calves with 2 of the following findings cough, unilateral or bilateral ear droop or head tilt, or increased rectal temperature ≥39.7°C were considered positive and had a 31% chance of having active BRD. Without at least 2 of these 2 findings, a calf had a 100% chance of not having active BRD.  At the batch level, we found that a batch with ≥3 positive calves among 10 calves sampled 2 wk after arrival at the fattening unit had a 94% chance of having an active BRD prevalence ≥10%.  A batch with <3 positive calves had a 95% chance of not having an active BRD prevalence ≥10%.

Answer 11

 The number of unrewarded visits to the milk feeder and MR intake were the main factors to predict calf disease in restricted-fed calves. Despite the relatively small sample size, the results provide strong evidence that daily feeding behavior data from AMF can be used to identify calves at risk for disease.

Answer 12

Results from this study suggest that the current milk withhold recommendation for dairy cattle administered Acetyl Salycilic Acid (ASA) may need revision to 120 h (5 d) and that ASA administration may mitigate postpartum inflammation through reduction in prostaglandin production for up to 12 h after treatment

Answer 13

Supplementation of 8 feedings over 4 d of 2.5 L of a mixture of milk replacer at 65 g/L and bovine colostrum replacer at 65 g/L compared with 8 feedings over 4 d of 2.5 L of milk replacer at a concentration of 130 g/L was determined to resolve diarrhea sooner and improve growth levels in young dairy calves

Answer 14

 Supplementation with SCFP did not affect overall oxidative, inflammatory, or immune parameters.

Answer 15

The results showed that the mean mild cold stress durations were 605.3 h (25.22 d) and 725.5 h (30.23 d) and the moderate cold stress durations were 67.2 h (2.8 d) and 96 h (4.0 d) on the south and north sides of the barns, respectively

Answer 16

The optimal NEFA threshold associated with diseases was ≥290 µmol/L for retained placenta, ≥300 µmol/L for metritis and abomasal displacement, and ≥280 µmol/L for clinical mastitis and hyperketonemia. The level associated with the occurrence of at least one of these diseases in the first 30 DIM was ≥280 µmol/L, but it was ≥260 µmol/L for culling in the first 50 DIM.

Answer 17

 Treatment in hypoglicemia HG cows decreased clinical ketosis, increased milk production in the fifth week of lactation for multiparous cows, and tended to increase 305-d mature-equivalent milk yield (305ME) for primiparous cows compared with untreated cows with the same metabolic profile.  For cows with hyperketonemiahyperglicemia (HKHG), treatment increased 305ME in multiparous cows and tended to increase 305ME in primiparous cows.  No differences were found for treatment among any of the metabolic groups regarding reproductive outcomes, nor were any treatment effects found among HK cows. Glycemic status may help identify metabolically challenged early postpartum dairy cows, which may have differential response to PG and B12 treatment

Answer 18

 Multiparous cows with HyperKetonemia HYPOGlicemia (HKHG) had fewer metabolic disturbances (hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, elevated NEFA) than HK cows. Cows with HKHG had an increased incidence of clinical ketosis and left displaced abomasum relative to Norm cows.  Cows with HG had similar metabolic profiles to Norm cows and had lower incidence of retained fetal membranes and puerperal metritis than cows with HK. Multiparous cows with HG produced more milk than Norm cows from wk 10 to 20  Multiparous cows with HK produced less milk than Norm cows. For primiparous cows, HK did not have a negative effect on milk production compared with Norm cows.

Answer 19

 The cow-level prevalence of alarm lesions was 19% during the grazing period and 25% during the housing period; the most prevalent alarm lesion was sole ulcers during both periods.  We found significantly more foreign bodies within the hoof sole (grazing = 14%, housing = 7%) and overgrown claws (grazing = 71%, housing = 55%) during the grazing period compared with the housing period. Cows with foul of the foot, sole ulcer, white line abscess, toe necrosis or an amputated claw had higher odds of being more severely lame, compared with mildly lame. The strongest correlation between lesions were between toe necrosis and digital dermatitis (r = 0.40), overgrown claws and corkscrew claws (r = 0.33), and interdigital hyperplasia and digital dermatitis (r = 0.31) at herd level.  At the cow level, the strongest correlation was between overgrown claws and corkscrew claws (r = 0.27), and digital dermatitis and heel erosion (r = 0.22).

Answer 20

- Regression results showed that larger farms tended to achieve a better animal welfare index (AWI) than smaller farms in our data set. - Although this study focused on the effect of herd size, it is not the only factor affecting animal welfare levels on individual farms. Other variables that we included in the regression to describe the AWI indicate that the knowledge and skills of the farm manager and the amount of time that farms can devote to animals have a positive effect on the AWI.

Answer 21

Supplementation did not affect colostral or calf IgG concentrations.

Answer 22

- Fertilization failure (15.8%) and embryonic arrest before the morula stage (10.3%) were the major developmental events contributing to first-week pregnancy failures. - Embryo elongation failure of 7% contributed to pregnancy failure during the second week. - The risk factors for pregnancy success that were related to the cows included interval between calving and insemination, and d-7 plasma progesterone concentrations, whereas insemination sire was associated with pregnancy outcome.

Answer 23

 In conclusion, this study suggests that US measures of liver dimensions of clinically healthy cows are related to their size, whereas pTAG concentrations reflect body condition status, with no particular implications for milk production and productivity

Answer 24

 These results could indicate ruminal perturbation caused by the B8 supplement, which was not protected from rumen degradation.  Under the conditions of the current study, in contrast to B8+/B9B12- cows, B8-/B9B12+ cows produced more milk without increasing dry matter intake, although these cows had greater body fat mobilization in early lactation as suggested by the FA profile and BW loss.

Answer 25

 In summary, our results showed that, under the current experimental conditions, increasing B8 supply did not improve responses to the B9 and B12 supplementation.

Answer 26

- When ambient T was below 20°C the total LHL (skin + respiration) represented approx. 50% of total heat loss, whereas above 28°C the LHL accounted for more than 70% of the total heat loss. - Both RH and AV had no significant effects on respiration SHL or LHL

Answer 27

 Effects of PM2.5 and THI on metabolism were contingent on day of exposure. On lag d 0, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was reduced with higher combined THI and PM2.5, but on subsequent lag days, THI and PM2.5 had a positive interaction on BUN.  Conversely, THI and PM2.5 had a positive interacting effect on nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) on lag d 0 but subsequently caused a reduction in circulating NEFA concentration.  Our results suggest that exposure to high wildfire-derived PM2.5, alone or in concert with elevated THI, alters systemic metabolism, milk production, and the innate immune system.

Answer 28

 We conclude that feeding Transition Milk for 4 d following an initial feeding of colostrum stimulates villus, mucosal, and submucosal development in all sections of the small intestine in the first few days of life and improves health and growth.

Answer 29

 Estimated median Se and Sp of the PAG ELISA test conducted between 23 and 27 d after AI were 0.98 (95% credible interval 0.93 to 1.0) and 0.98 (0.89 to 1.0), respectively, when using a standardized corrected optical density threshold of 0.15.

Answer 30

 The combination of early Corpus luteum-Blood Perfusion by Doppler US (d 19 to 20) with early embryo detection by B-mode US (d 33–34) could be used to facilitate earlier rebreeding of dairy cows.

Answer 31

 Both Peak Lactation and Calving to First Insemination strongly affected the conception rate in primiparous cows, which decreased with an increase in PY, even for the group with CFI ≥100 d; however, the conception rate increased for a CFI ≥60 d regardless of PY.

Answer 32

 Parity and CDME were associated such that compared with cows in their third or greater lactation, the odds (95% confidence intervals, 95% CI) of CDME were 1.27 (0.71–2.25) for cows in their first and 4.77 (2.47–9.22) for animals in their second lactation.  The odds of CDME increased with increasing stage of lactation, with an odds ratio of 0.20 (0.11–0.36) for early and 0.28 (0.15–0.52) for mid-lactation animals, respectively, compared with late lactation cows.  A 1-kg increase in average daily milk production was associated with decreased odds of CDME [odds ratio (95% CI): 0.89 (0.87–0.92)].  A lameness event during the study period increased the odds of CDME [odds ratio (95% CI): 8.04 (1.20–53.83)], as did a vaccination event 1 wk before the study period [odds ratio (95% CI): 4.07 (0.99–16.71)]. This study confirmed associations between Chronically Delayed Milk Ejection (CDME) and previously reported risk factors and identified several previously less rigorously investigated health and management events that could be associated with CDME. Incremental milk flow rates from individual cows serve as an automated tool to evaluate milk flow dynamics.

Answer 33

Adding a calm, experienced cow to groups of dairy cattle may mitigate fear and thereby improve welfare and safety.

Answer 34

 Lying time decreased in the Conventional Milking System group by 36 min/d, in the AMS group by 56 min/d, and in the dry group by 33 min/d.  Adaptation to daily temperature and THI was already noticeable from a mean temperature of 12°C or a mean THI of 56 or above, when dairy cows started spending less time lying and eating and spent more time standing. Further, rumination time decreased, although only in dry cows and cows on AMS farms.

Answer 35

 pH patterns, rather than time pH <6, were associated with metabolic health and feed intake: high variation in daily pH was reflected in higher blood concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids.  pH deviations of the harmonic model were negatively associated with feed intake and rumination behavior.  Conclusion: confirms the biological importance of pH metrics focusing on pH variation and pH deviations and provides deeper insight into its associations with metabolic health status, feed intake, and activity during early lactation.

Answer 36

 In conclusion, a short stay in the close-up group should be avoided to improve milk yield at first test day and to minimize culling risk for parous cows. A long stay in the close-up group (>30 d) was associated with reduced milk production and an increased ratio of fat and protein in milk of parous cows and increased SCS of nulliparous and parous cows.

Answer 37

 Over the 7-wk period, 42% of cows had at least one sound period (pasture: 55.6%, indoor: 26.9%), but this was more likely for cows with pasture access (odds ratio = 4.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-14.6%).  Pasture cows also spent more total weeks sound compared with indoor cows (2.0 ± 0.34 vs. 0.81 ± 0.35 wk). Cows with pasture access lay down for less overall time than indoor cows (13.9 ± 0.29 vs. 12.7 ± 0.28 h/d) and spent more time standing on pasture (74%) than when indoors (47%).  These results suggest that lame dairy cows will use pasture when provided with free-choice access, primarily at night, and that access to pasture aids in lameness recovery.

Answer 38

The measured relationships between fertility traits (C-LA and CFH) based on frequent measurements of P4 by Herd Navigator and Energy Status(ES) indicators indicated that increases in ES indicators during the first weeks of lactation can be harmful for the fertility of cow. Therefore, monitoring a cow’s ES after calving is important

Answer 39

As a painful procedure, disbudding has numerous welfare impacts on the calf both during and following the procedure that can be categorized under all 3 principles of animal welfare: natural living, biological functioning, and affective state. Mechanical nociceptive threshold can be evaluated around the disbudding wounds and is a reliable test in older calves; however, this outcome in very young calves after caustic paste disbudding has been reported to be inconclusive compared with that in older calves. As well, research evaluating xylazine sedation for disbudding has reported both potentially positive and negative results that are difficult to interpret or base suggestions on for the use of this drug

Answer 40

* Higher SPS calves showed an increase in rumen pH magnitude (1.46 ± 0.07) compared with low SPS calves (1.16 ± 0.07), a decrease in rumen pH in wk 8 (high SPS: 5.37 ± 0.12; low SPS: 5.57 ± 0.12), and a decrease in haptoglobin in wk 8 (high SPS: 0.24 ± 0.06 g/L; low SPS: 0.49 ± 0.06 g/L). * The majority of differences came from increased starter intake in general, which suggests that with completely pelleted starters the differences in starch and NDF do not elicit drastic changes in fermentation, subsequent end products, and any resulting inflammation in calves around weaning.

Answer 41

* In conclusion, complete replacement of Salt Trace Minerals by Organic Trace Minerals caused modest changes in rumen fermentation, feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and performance of dairy cows, improving postpartum DMI in multiparous cows and reducing circulating levels of nonesterified fatty acids.

Answer 42

* The percentage of calves requiring therapeutic interventions related to diarrhea was greater in WP-fed calves (29%) than HF and HL calves (4%), whereas HP (13%) did not differ with other groups. * This was coupled with lower blood acid-base, blood gas, and blood sodium in WP than in MR-fed calves. * Calves fed HF had greater serum nonesterified fatty acids compared with other groups, and greater serum amyloid A compared with WP and HL calves.

Answer 43

* At weaning, blood concentration of triglycerides was higher in FSP and OLP groups compared with CON group. Supplementation of the liquid feed with FSP or OLP, especially FSP, had beneficial effects on calf growth performance and health

Answer 44

* These findings demonstrate the benefits of supplementing CMA to dairy cows during the transition period compared with a CON treatment containing limestone as the primary Ca source.

Answer 45

The current study revealed that effects to Nerve GF in lactating Holstein cows were minor and contingent with parity for progesterone, and no improvement in ISG relative abundance and P/AI were observed.

Answer 46

 Anogenital distance had a weak positive association with both parity (r = 0.22) and 305-d ME milk yield (r = 0.04).  Results indicate an inverse relationship between AGD and measures of fertility in lactating cows, validating our earlier report.

Answer 47

 Overall, OC cows lost more BFT than normal or lean cows. However, those OC cows with a smaller loss of BFT produced less milk than OC cows with greater losses.

Answer 48

 Conclusion: although LF calves had a greater AUC, HF calves were still able to absorb IgG in the second and third meal, allowing HF calves to achieve serum IgG levels similar to those of LF calves at 24 h.  Conclusion 2: the provision of 3 meals at 70.5 g/L of IgG within the first 12 h of life did not result in added benefits to serum IgG or AEA levels.

Answer 49

 Despite receiving more AMS concentrate per milking, more fearful cows did not achieve the target concentrate delivery of 6.0 kg/d, and these cows also had less total DMI and greater day-to-day total DMI when allocated more AMS concentrate.

Answer 50

 For every hour longer postbirth that it took for a calf to have its first suckling event, odds of FPT at d 3 increased by 1.21 times, and compared with calves that only suckled once, calves that suckled 2, 3-5, or >5 times had 0.42, 0.35, and 0.10 times the odds of FPT, respectively.  Calves that suckled in the paddock and were fed colostrum with ≥22% Brix had the highest STP, and lowest odds of FPT, of any suckling/Brix % combination.  TREND: STP > in calves that suckled in the paddock and fed <22% Brix compared with calves that did not suckle in the paddock and fed ≥22% Brix.  Very large between-farm variabilities for rates of suckling, colostrum feeding, and FPT risk.

Answer 51

 The prevalence of S. aureus was high in bulk tank milk for all herds, regardless of herd type, which may represent the influence of unmeasured management factors.  Conclusion: staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal species were highly prevalent among samples from both farm types.

Answer 52

 Conclusion: SCC is negatively associated with the risk for conception and with daily milk yield in grazing dairy cows – higher when > SCC after the service date and it is influenced by severity of mastitis, and in the case of milk yield, the negative association is influenced by parity, milk production quartile, and severity of mastitis.

Answer 53

 Conclusion: use of the on-farm mastitis test kit could enhance sustainable antimicrobial drug use by rapidly identifying Streptococcus mastitis for targeted treatment.  Conclusion2: Staph. aureus outbreak where cows can be rapidly screened to identify cases for segregation or culling during an outbreak and kit-negative cows further confirmed by milk culture or qPCR.

Answer 54

 Conclusion: BN milk feeding program for calves can result in faster healing times and more activity, and that providing an extra NSAID 3 d after disbudding appears to slow the healing process but may result in less pain experienced by the calf 1 to 2 wk after the procedure.  Conclusion 2: after the complete removal of the horn bud, wounds can take more than 8 weeks to re-epithelize and fully heal.

Answer 55

colostrum cytokines influence calf serum cytokine concentrations. Thus, they influence the newborn calves' adaptation to the environment and the development of their immune system. Factors that activate an APR during the second and third week of life have a long-term influence on calves' development.

Answer 56

 Conclusion: primiparous cows move further away from herd members at calving than multiparous cows and suggest that primiparous cows prefer to isolate themselves through distance rather than seeking artificial cover.  Conclusion 2: contrary to expectation, the hides did not make more cows select a calving site away from the feeding area.

Answer 57

the 10 studies reviewed, 9 report cost of a case of ketosis, and the estimates vary widely, with values ranging from €19 to €812. Two studies report ketosis cost at a farm level (€3.6–€29/ cow per year)

Answer 58

 Conclusion: the wide range of compatible causal estimates suggest that hyperketonemia likely has a limited role in the development of SUWL in cows with or without a hoof lesion precalving.

Answer 59

 The sensitivity of these models to find calves < 9 d old was not to be used for monitoring compliance with the Canadian federal regulation.  The relatively high model specificity may help to use this model as a rule-in test rather than a rule-out test.

Answer 60

 As a cross-sectional measurement, diagnostic accuracy of spontaneous cough is too low to be used as a criterion to select animals with pneumonia for antimicrobial treatment.  At the group level, cough monitoring holds potential as an early warning sign, after which lung ultrasonography should follow.  As a cross-sectional measurement, diagnostic accuracy of spontaneous cough (accuracy = 65.1%, sensitivity = 37.4%, specificity = 85.7%) is too low to be used as a criterion to select animals with pneumonia for antimicrobial treatment. At the group level, cough monitoring holds potential as an early warning sign, after which lung ultrasonography should follow.

Answer 61

 Farm risk factors associated with the HR of suckling: 1) frequency of calf collection (calves that were born on farms that collected calves once a day suckled earlier than calves on farms that removed calves more than once a day); 2) temperature (a minimum temperature of <10°C within 6 h of a calf being born was associated with a 0.69 hazard of suckling in the calving paddock).  Conclusion: large farm variability

Answer 62

 Conclusion: administering a single application of 7% iodine tincture dip to the umbilicus around the time of birth may not be effective for preventing external umbilical infections. Farm-level management factors, including colostrum management, appear to have more influence on risk of this disease.

Answer 63

 Conclusion: there is the potential to use feeding and activity behaviors to identify BRD development in preweaning calves.  We suggest relative changes in unrewarded visits may be useful for algorithm development when d -5 is used as a baseline.

Answer 64

 Conclusion: individual differences in daily behavior patterns and milk production of dairy cattle are associated with personality traits of cows, measured using several short behavioral tests.

Answer 65

 Group 1: therapeutic trim and a hoof block on the sound claw (if deemed necessary) every time they were treated for lameness;  Group 2: same G1 + 3-d course of ketoprofen (single dose daily) every time they were treated for lameness;  Group 3: same G2 + 3-d course of ketoprofen (single dose daily) starting 24 to 36 h after each calving;  Group 4: 3-d course of ketoprofen (single dose daily) every time they were identified with lameness. No therapeutic trim was administered to this group, unless they were identified as severely lame (a single score ≥3). The lameness effect size we identified was large and indicated that treating a cohort of animals with the group 3 protocol, would lead to an absolute reduction in population lameness prevalence of approximately 10% and severe lameness prevalence of 3%, compared with animals treated in accordance with conventional best practice (group 1).

Answer 66

 M. bovis IFN- ELISpot assay we established could detect infected cattle earlier than the BOVIGAM ELISA test.  In conclusion, the present study confirms the potential application of the M. bovis IFN-γ ELISpot assay for the diagnosis of bTB in dairy farms by using 2 strains of BoIFN-γ mAb and specific antigen CE protein

Answer 67

* A cut-off level of 5% PMN has been established as a general threshold for the definition of SCE in earlier literature. * Different trait definitions were examined, and SCE was defined as binary traits, based on the following cut-off levels of PMN: Cyto0 = PMN >0, Cyto3 = PMN >3%, Cyto5 = PMN >5%, Cyto10 = PMN >10%, and Cyto20 = PMN >20%. * The only trait definition that had an estimated genetic variance larger than the standard error was Cyto5, with an estimated heritability of 0.04. For all other definitions, the genetic variance was not significantly different from zero. * the current study indicates that SCE is heritable at a similar level to that of clinical endometritis and metritis, and has potential as a future fertility phenotype to be used for breeding purposes.

Answer 68

* The next 5 most time-consuming tasks were calf care (14%), grassland management (13%), cow care (10%), repairs and maintenance (10%), and administration/business (8%).

Answer 69

* In Ireland, where pasture-based systems are dominant, a key performance indicator that reflects the degree of compact calving is referred to as 6-wk calving rate (6-wk CR). Although the industry target is 90%, the national average 6-wk CR in Ireland is currently 67%. * The findings of this study identify complexities and challenges at farm level when it comes to increasing 6-wk CR, such as increased workload and challenges associated with large numbers of male calves born during a condensed calving season. * Benefits experienced by farmers as a result of increasing 6-wk CR included increased days in milk and consequently improved cash flow as well as increased grass utilization.

Answer 70

* Feeding 25(OH)D3 increases milk yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk and improves milk yield components in early lactation. * Overall, these findings suggest that 25(OH)D3 at 3 mg/d can improve the energy metabolism and lactation performance, compared with the current-feeding practice of supplementing vitamin D3 at 0.625 mg/d.

Answer 71

* Dry matter intake for wk 1 to 12 postpartum did not change for LPHP versus LPLP or for SDHP versus LPLP. * Compared with LPLP cows, LPHP cows had lower energy-corrected milk yield and tended to have decreased milk fat yield during wk 1 to 12 of lactation.

Answer 72

 Type of PGF2α did not affect progesterone concentrations past 36 h from treatment; however, heifers treated with 2 PGF2α injections had lesser progesterone concentrations and CL blood flow from 36 to 72 h after treatment compared with heifers that received a single PGF2α injection

Answer 73

 Conclusion: HC diet can induce SARA with increased concentration of LPS in the peripheral vein, stimulate inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress, and inhibit milk fat synthesis in the mammary gland of dairy cows.

Answer 74

 Conclusion: higher scores in both tests were associated with impaired fertility, and UE scoring with a threshold of ≥1 had the highest test Se and Sp estimates although test Se was conditional on days in milk when the PBE occurred

Answer 75

 Days in milk, fat, urea, parity, season, and somatic cell counts – associated with clinical mastitis in the first 200 d in milk.  Cows > milk yield, parity, urea, and somatic cell count > odds of being diagnosed with clinical mastitis.  > milk fat < odds of clinical mastitis.

Answer 76

 Conclusion: both products had equivalent efficacy for SCM and CM. As the quantity of residual increased, the difference in residual weight recovered increased but this may represent increases in debris rather than indicating a more effective barrier.

Answer 77

* Overall, low BCS and more pronounced reductions in BCS occurring closer to first artificial insemination resulted in lower odds of pregnancy per artificial insemination.

Answer 78

* Thus, nisin and the bacteriocin consortium showed the most promise as a teat disinfectant by reducing staphylococci, streptococci, and total bacteria counts.

Answer 79

* Female Holstein calves were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1. cornual nerve blocks with 5.5 mL of unbuffered lidocaine (n = 9), 2. buffered lidocaine (n = 9), or 3. sham procedure with no needle inserted (n = 9). * Contrary to our hypothesis, struggling was most marked in calves that received buffered lidocaine. * Similarly, calves administered unbuffered or buffered lidocaine had elevated heart rates for 1 or 3 min after the first injection, respectively, compared with at the end of the 5-min observation period. Calves in the buffered treatment had lower eye temperatures in the first half of the observation period compared with the second half, consistent with responses cattle show to other aversive procedures, but no changes over time were observed in the other 2 treatments. * We detected no treatment differences in heart rate variability measures. These results suggest that cornual nerve blocks are aversive, at least in the short term, and that buffering the lidocaine worsens the calf's response to this procedure.

Answer 80

* Postpartum HS was associated with an increase of 6.3 % in incidence of metritis and tended to be associated with an increase of 1.9 % in mastitis incidence compared with POST TN

Answer 81

The provision of drinking water was associated with a greater proportion of observations eating hay but less eating calf starter. The increase in the proportion of observations eating calf starter with age was greater for calves on a low milk allowance than of those provided a high milk allowance; this is likely due to calves on a low milk allowance searching for nutrients and energy.

Answer 82

* During weaning, hay calves tended to consume increasingly more total mixed ration, significantly more water, and less grain than control calves. * Hay calves also spent less time self-grooming (12% vs. 14%), tongue flicking (14% vs. 18%), and performing NNOM (17% vs. 21%) than control calves. * Overall, we found that hay provision affected most oral behaviors that calves perform; it promoted natural feeding behaviors and reduced abnormal ones, suggesting hay should be provided.

Answer 83

* The results reported here indicate that restricted dietary P supply during the dry period positively affected the Ca homeostasis of periparturient dairy cows but did not reveal negative effects on DMI, milk production, or metabolic activity in the following lactation. Restriction of P during the dry period was associated with hypophosphatemia antepartum but neither exacerbated postparturient hypophosphatemia, which is commonly observed in fresh cows, nor was associated with any clinical or subclinical

Answer 84

* Incidence of stillbirth, clinical mastitis, retained placenta, endometritis (5 to 12 d postcalving), ketosis, abortions, and reproduction did not differ between the 2 groups. * Results suggest that a single intramammary administration of bCNH at dry-off effectively increases milk yield and lowers SCC, prevents new IMI during the dry period, and may be a beneficial alternative for curing existing IMI at dry-off, mainly by CNS.

Answer 85

* Milking 3 times in 2 d (3-in-2) could enhance the attractiveness of the dairy workplace relative to twice-a-day milking (TAD) by reducing labor requirements for milking and increasing workforce flexibility. * For the proportion of the season milked 3-in-2, there was a significant effect on milk (−11%), protein (−8%), and lactose (−12%) yield per cow per year, but no effect of fat.

Answer 86

* Less time spent at pasture under wet soil conditions lowered treading damage but had no effect on annual pasture production (mean 14.8 t of organic matter/ha). * Annual milk solids production per cow was lowest for the control herd (485 kg) and not different between the other systems (503 kg). * Reducing treading damage to swards did not improve productivity or profitability of the grazing systems.

Answer 87

* Dietary butyrate supplementation and oral NSAID administration did not have overall positive effects on production performance of dairy cows during the calving transition period.

Answer 88

* . * Total yearly costs were also greater in VWP50 compared with VWP200 (€1,964 vs. €1,729), mainly because of €102 greater concentrate costs. * The VWP was not significantly associated with the NPCF per cow per year. * A change in milk, feed, or calf price, or a change in labor costs for calving cows or for inseminations had a greater effect on the yearly NPCF of cows in VWP50 compared with cows in VWP200.

Answer 89

* In conclusion, in pregnant cows already receiving adequate vitamin A but with low serum β-carotene concentration, supplementation of β-carotene increased concentrations of β-carotene and vitamin A in blood serum, but did not affect production, reproduction, or health

Answer 90

* The length, width, and 2-dimensional area of rumen papillae were also increased in low- (area: 0.88 ± 0.03 mm2) compared with high-MRA (0.46 ± 0.03 mm2) calves. The majority of differences were attributed to increased MR allowance, which contributed to reduced pelleted starter intake by more than 50% and reduced rumen development, whereas differences in starch intake from the completely pelleted starter had minimal effects on overall growth and tissue measurements

Answer 91

* Risk factors for high incidence of SDSD-IMI in freestall dairy herds were related to housing, including closed flooring in alleys and rubber mats in cubicle bases. * Parlor milking was also a risk factor compared with automatic milking systems. * From herd visits, a considerable proportion of extramammary samples were SDSD positive, particularly from wounds and skin of the animals and the cubicle bases. Samples from mucous surfaces (nostrils, rectum, and vagina) and water troughs were least frequently positive. * No significant association was identified between sampling site (milk, body sites, and environment) and SDSD sequence types.

Answer 92

* In conclusion, farmer psychosocial factors were associated with strategies for BVD control in UK cattle farmers. Psychological proximity to veterinarians was a novel factor associated with proactive BVD control and was more important than the more extensively investigated trust

Answer 93

Overall, these data suggest that reducing both milking frequency and feed quantity in the AMS is the most efficient method to decrease milk yield before dry-off, without negatively influencing milking frequency or yield in the next lactation, as well as without affecting milk quality

Answer 94

* There was no statistical difference between average daily weight gain and the treatment procedure. Total lying time was not affected by treatment after disbudding. * In conclusion, transdermal flunixin meglumine given at the time of disbudding combined with local anesthesia decreased concentrations of the stress biomarker cortisol, but a second dose 6 h after disbudding had no further effect on plasma cortisol levels.

Answer 95

* The heat treatment of colostrum was also associated with a significant increase in STP by 0.21 g/dL for LT (95% CI = 0.07–0.35). * In conclusion, the present work demonstrated that the heat treatment of colostrum ≤60°C decreased colostrum IgG by 5.38 g/L for LT and increased serum IgG by 2.65 g/L and STP by 0.21 g/dL.

Answer 96

* 4 groups: no jacket and no heat lamp, heat lamp but no jacket, jacket but no heat lamp, or both heat lamp and jacket * Calves housed under a 1-kW heat lamp had an increased ADG of 0.09 kg/d (95% bootstrap confidence interval: −0.02 to 0.20 kg/d), * and no effect of jacket or interactions between jacket and heat lamp were found. * A significant positive association was identified between the mean environmental temperature of the calf building and ADG, with a 1°C increase in temperature being associated with a 0.03 kg/d increase in ADG (95% bootstrap confidence interval: 0.01 to 0.04 kg/d). * This study demonstrated that a 1-kW heat lamp was effective in increasing ADG in calves, and no significant effect of calf jacket on ADG was found. * A significant, positive effect of increased pen temperature on calf ADG was identified in this study and was reinforced when including prior information from previous research within a Bayesian framework

Answer 97

* Sensitivity analysis showed that when hormone costs increased by €10/cow TCONV-H and TSEX-HC had a 38 and 23% chance, respectively, of not returning a positive annual profit advantage.

Answer 98

 Some anaerobic species were exclusively isolated from the CE group, even though they presented lower frequency.  18.1% of samples from CE cows and 40% of SCE cows were negative to bacterial isolation

Answer 99

 Having chronic mastitis decreased milk synthesis rate in all models. * The identified nonlinearities between mastitis indicators and milk synthesis rate should be incorporated in statistical models for more accurate estimations of milk loss due to mastitis.

Answer 100

* In conclusion, feeding high-quality hay, instead of concentrate-rich starter feeds, resulted in improved rumination and ruminal fermentation profile, without affecting ruminal pH and systemic and stress health variables.

Answer 101

AGD measured at birth did not reflect AGD at breeding age in heifers, but AGD measurements in cows had high repeatability at all stages of the estrous cycle, gestation, and lactation, except at 270 d of gestation. Therefore, AGD could be measured reliably at any of the aforesaid physiological states in cows due to its high repeatability, except during late gestation

Answer 102

* Our results indicate that moderate-yielding dairy cows undergo similar homeorhetic changes to high-yielding housed cows; however, differences in diet composition result in greater BHB concentrations than expected, based on their milk production and NEFA concentrations

Answer 103

* Cows with typical cycles treated with hCG (hCG7 and hCG7+13) had a later onset of luteolysis, prolonged time to undergo complete luteolysis, and greater proportion of cows with 3 follicular waves than CON, resulting in a longer interovulatory interval for hCG7 and hCG7+13 than CON

Answer 104

* BW was greater for the CT treatment compared with the others from d 0 to d 7, whereas BW of SV was lesser compared with the others from d −1 to d 7. No differences among treatments were observed at weaning. * Similarly to BW, no differences in concentrate intake among treatments were observed at weaning on d 42 of the study.

Answer 105

* These results indicate that, when given the option in the summer, calves make use of an outdoor space, but this appears to vary with weather, calf age, average daily gain, and coat color

Answer 106

* Apparent bacteriological cure proportion for any IMI was higher in quarters assigned to the CMT than the SCC-group (349/368 (0.95, 95% CI 0.92–0.97) versus 313/346 (0.90, 95% CI 0.87–0.93)). * New IMI proportion was lower among quarters assigned to the CMT than SCC-group [101/3,212 (0.032, 95% CI 0.025–0.038) versus 142/3,232 (0.044, 95% CI 0.036–0.051)]. * There was no difference in incidence of clinical mastitis between treatment groups. * The total mass of antimicrobials used was 63% higher in the CMT-group than in the SCC-group (3.47 versus 2.12 mg/kg of liveweight

Answer 107

* In conclusion, feeding high-quality hay can fully replace starter concentrates in the feeding of dairy calves without adverse effects on performance during the rearing period, while increasing forage fiber intake and utilization, which enhanced ruminal ketogenesis and cholesterogenesis around weaning.

Answer 108

* Serum and first-milking colostrum Cu concentrations were positively associated, but no significant associations were observed between other minerals' serum and first-milking colostrum concentrations or total yields. * Parity was associated with first-milking colostrum Ca, P, K, and Fe concentrations and yields; younger multiparous cows had higher concentrations and total yields of these minerals. * Mineral total yields were linearly associated with first-milking colostrum yield * In conclusion, variation in first-milking colostrum mineral concentrations and total yields across cows could be partially explained by cow parity and colostrum yield.

Answer 109

* Diet supplemented with compound probiotics improved the health status of calves, indicated by the decreased fecal score at 3 wk of age and the medicine usage.

Answer 110

 Cows with greater estrous expression had greater pregnancy per AI than those with lesser expression  GnRH administration was found to increase fertility in cows with reduced estrous expression but not for those with greater intensity of estrous expression  Increased ovulation rates do not seem to be the direct mechanism behind this relationship

Answer 111

 Relative Humidity and Air Velocity significantly affected the responses of RR, rectal temperature and skin temperature, and productive performance of high-producing Holstein cows.  These responses already occurred at moderate ambient T of 19 to 26°C

Answer 112

 Cows with positive genetic merit for fertility traits had longer and more active estrous events, but the inter-estrous interval did not differ between the 2 groups.  The first postpartum estrous event was associated with less activity and was shorter than subsequent estrous events in both fertility groups.

Answer 113

 Punctual assessment of colostrum harvest and feeding equipment cleanliness by luminometry can be useful to differentiate herds according to their hygiene and health characteristics.  The maximal dichotomized luminometry value (<1,000 RLU or ≥1,000 RLU) was associated with hygiene and health dimension.

Answer 114

 A single-dose meloxicam treatment showed considerable promise for improving standing ability of low-vitality calves.  Latency and the first attempt to stand were not influenced by the NSAID treatment; however, the time spent standing, the longest standing bout, and the average duration of standing indicated increased standing ability of meloxicam-treated calves with low vitality, but not in normal-vitality calves.

Answer 115

 Bupivacaine liposome suspension as a cornual nerve block at the time of dehorning was as effective at controlling pain as a multimodal approach of lidocaine and meloxicam  At 4 h and 24 h after dehorning, the LID + MEL group had a lower average prostaglandin E2 metabolites concentration compared with all other treatment group

Answer 116

Colostrum quantity:  Primiparous cows: Affected by month of calving, sex of the calf, stillbirth  Multiparous cows: Affected by month of calving, calving ease, sex of the calf, previous lactation MY, days spent in the far off group, days in the close up pen Colostrum quality:  Primiparous cows: Affected only by month of calving  Multiparous cows: Affected by parity, month of calving, milk yield, colostrum quantity

Answer 117

 BUT injection of 12 × 106 IU of cholecalciferol had a negative effect on inflammatory response, milk production in early lactation, and ultimately on reproductive performance.

Answer 118

 Feeding a sodium acetate-based oral electrolyte solution limited the increase in abomasal pH and ability of E. coli to grow in abomasal contents, regardless of whether the calves were fed oral electrolytes alone or 30 min after a milk feeding.

Answer 119

shortening prestimulation to a 5-s teat cleaning followed by a latency period and milking at regular vacuum and pulsation did not represent an adequate duration of prestimulation and is not adequate to save occupancy time.

Answer 120

 Calves transported at 28 d of age had a lower probability of individual treatments with medicines other than antibiotics (e.g., anti-inflammatories, multivitamins, and anti-coccidial drugs), a lower mortality risk, and a higher carcass weight than calves transported at 14 d of age.

Answer 121

 Cow-level risk factors for increased lameness prevalence were age and genetic predicted transmitting ability for lameness.  Herd-level risk factors included farm and herd size, stones in paddock gateways, slats on cow tracks near the collecting yard, a sharper turn at the parlor exit, presence of digital dermatitis on the farm, and the farmers' perception of whether lameness was a problem on the farm

Answer 122

 In conclusion, a 2-wk reduction of MF in ketotic cows from twice to once daily with treatment with PG resolved ketosis and decreased blood BHB concentrations more effectively than treating TDM cows with PG alone. However, the 2-wk MF reduction had immediate and long-term (up to 13 wk after cessation of MF reduction) negative effects on milk production

Answer 123

 For a cow likely to have intramammary infection, a missed aDCT treatment undesirably affects subsequent lactation milk yield and somatic cell count.  For cows with an SCC of 200,000 cells/mL before dry-off, compared with untreated cows, aDCT-treated cows produced 0.97 kg/d more milk and, at 45 DIM, had an SCC that was 20,000 cells/mL lower

Answer 124

 Calves that were more playful/exploratory consumed more milk per day preweaning and more concentrate per day over the experimental period.

Answer 125

 Calving ease, calf size, and twinning greatly affected offspring longevity

Answer 126

 Prolonged high temperatures over a few days were more important than short-term (temporary) high temperatures over 1 or 2 days.

Answer 127

 Feeding a prepartum negative DCAD diet altered blood acid-base balance and induced metabolic acidosis at calving, and improved protein and lipid metabolism.  Supplementation of high Ca in the negative DCAD diet prepartum was more favorable to metabolic adaptation to lactation in dairy cows than the negative DCAD diet with low Ca.

Answer 128

 MR feeding frequency significantly affects glucose metabolism in the calf, which, however, did not seem to affect body growth.

Answer 129

 Increasing feeding frequency accelerated abomasal emptying and might reduce heat load of preweaning dairy calves

Answer 130

 Greatest growth in calves fed high milk, and high CP%.  Feeding starters with a higher proportion of CP may help maintain a more balanced ratio of CP to ME during high milk feeding, to avoid protein deficiency due to low starter intake.

Answer 131

 Early-lactation cows have more robust responses to calcemic perturbation (i.e. were better at maintaining eucalcaemia) and have increased circulating and mammary serotonin content relative to nonlactating counterparts, while also indicating that serotonin does not directly respond to decreased blood calcium concentrations.  Collectively, our data demonstrate the differential physiological responses of nonlactating, nonpregnant and early-lactation cows during calcium perturbation and offer insight into the role of serotonin and parathyroid hormone-related protein during lactation.

Answer 132

 Follicular wave and progesterone concentration during follicle growth did not affect the signal for maternal recognition of pregnancy (uterine interferon tau), conceptus length, or gene expression measured in conceptuses and endometrium of pregnant cows on d 17 of gestation

Answer 133

 GnRH did not improve ovulation rates, progesterone level 7 d after insemination, or pregnancy outcomes on any of the farms

Answer 134

 Bacteremia was substantially more common in calves with depression and fever (T>39.7C).  Bacteremia was rare among calves without observed depression.  Antimicrobial therapy targeting bacteremia is not currently justified in routine cases of diarrhoea in preweaning calves without signs of depression

Answer 135

- Severe lameness occurrence (farms with any cows with locomotion score ≥4) was associated with a greater proportion of underconditioned cows and in farms with stalls with greater curb heights. - The results highlight the importance of minimizing lameness prevalence, using sand bedding, ensuring adequate feed access and feed bunk space, and ensuring proper cow body condition to optimize herd-level productivity and milk quality in automated milking herds.

Answer 136

* Model predictions suggest that a farm with the highest number of interventions in place (15) compared with farms with the lowest number of interventions in place (4) would expect an improvement in growth rates from 0.65 to 0.81 kg/d for MB, from 0.73 to 0.88 kg/d for DH, a decrease in mortality rates from 10.9% to 2.8% in MB, and a decrease in diarrhea rates from 42.1% to 15.1% in DH

Answer 137

2 treatment groups fed prepartum (same adequate P = 0.46% P in DM after calving)  Low P = 0.16% P in DM  Adequate P = 0.30% P in DM Restriction of the phosphorus supply limited to the last 4 wk of pregnancy is sufficient to mitigate the risk of hypocalcemia around parturition, through mechanisms primarily driven by increased bone tissue mobilization.

Answer 138

 Although both teat disinfectants were basically effective, isolates differed in their susceptibility to both teat disinfectants.  Populations of CNS, Staphylococcus aureus, and Corynebacterium spp. showed significantly lower absolute MIC values for chlorhexidine.  Compared with other species, Corynebacterium spp. showed the lowest susceptibility to either disinfectant

Answer 139

 Cows in later stages of pregnancy were less likely to defecate whilst lying in the stall,, with no effect of weight, parity, age, or lameness.  Also, the more time that cows spent lying down, the greater the likelihood of the defecation whilst lying in the stall, but the cow-to-stall ratio had no effect.

Answer 140

 Lesions treated with the enzyme alginogel had a decreased adjusted odds ratio for M-score improvement (aOR: 0.04; 95% confidence interval: 0.01-0.11). Lesions treated with the coppergel mostly transitioned to chronic lesions, whereas lesions treated with the enzyme alginogel mostly remained active lesions.  The wound healing progress of almost 70% of the lesions treated with coppergel could not be scored, for the greater part due to the presence of crust materials. With these unscorable lesions classified as "improved," there was no treatment effect on wound healing progress (aOR: 0.99; 95% confidence interval: 0.34-3.05), whereas with unscorable lesions classified as "not improved," the enzyme alginogel outperformed the coppergel with regard to wound healing progress (aOR: 2.48; 95% confidence interval: 1.07-5.79).  None of the products used in our study achieved high cure rates (transition to the M0 stage) for active DD lesions

Answer 141

Different criteria should be used for optimal CEM diagnosis in primiparous versus multiparous cows (% PMN threshold; sampling time in lactation)  Primiparous cows at 30–40 DIM, using a threshold of ≥7%PMN  Multiparous cows at 60–70 DIM, using a threshold of ≥4%PMN

Answer 142

 feeding 3 g/d of FSP may be more beneficial in improving the weight gain and skeletal growth (heart girth and hip width) and in reducing the susceptibility to and duration of diarrhoea and pneumonia in dairy calves

Answer 143

 Very small stalls caused changes in behaviour (latency to entering the parlor) and total milk yield  The first cow per milking batch required more time (on average >40 s) to enter very small stalls

Answer 144

 Compared with twice-a-day milking, plasma calcium concentration was higher for delayed-milking and tended to be higher for restricted-milking cows without negatively affecting future milk yield or composition; however, delaying milking resulted in an inadequate supply of good-quality colostrum.

Answer 145

 The pool-milk sampling strategy seems well suited to distinguish between herds with a MAP-Ab-WHPapp ≥ 5% and herds with a MAP-Ab-WHPapp <5%

Answer 146

 Overall, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has analyzed the correlation between AFR and other indicators. We found that earlier AFR was associated with shorter duration of non-nutritive oral behavior, longer durations of rumination and eating the bedding, and higher feed intake by 30 d of age.

Answer 147

 Mean calf serum IgG concentration was lower for calves fed pooled colostrum compared with those that received colostrum from a single cow.

Answer 148

 Heritabilities were close to zero  15 SNPs associated with UD were identified.

Answer 149

 Unused RMS generally contained higher bacterial counts than did unused straw  Klebsiella spp, Salmonella spp, and L. monocytogenes were more frequently detected in unused RMS  Overall, animal and human pathogens were found in greater numbers and more frequently in unused RMS than unused straw

Answer 150

Both cow genotype and parity affected dry matter intake, milk production, and production efficiencies of grazing dairy cows.  Dry matter intake was:  HF - 17.2 kg/cow/day  Jersey x HF = , 17.0 kg/cow/day  Norwegian red x (Jersey x HF) = 16.7 kg/cow/day

Answer 151

 There was little difference in average rumination time among all systems.  The total time spent ruminating averaged 444 min/d and occurred in 13.8 bouts/d that averaged 32.7 min.  Rumination time was quadratically increased with increasing milk fat yield (partial R2 = 0.27) and milk fat percent  Rumination was also increased with increasing milk yield, dry matter intake, and rumen pH, and was quadratically related to dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total-tract NDF digestibility

Answer 152

Plasma progesterone concentrations after first artificial insemination were greater in lactating dairy cows that were  (1) selected for improved genetic merit for fertility and milk production traits;  (2) had prompt resumption of postpartum ovarian cyclicity;  (3) had faster resolution of postpartum uterine disease; and  (4) had better indicators of bioenergetic status during early lactation and at artificial insemination.  Moreover, greater plasma progesterone concentrations were associated with greater pregnancy success

Answer 153

 Delaying controlled internal drug release (CIDR) removal by 24 h within a 5-d progesterone releasing intravaginal device (PRID)-Synch or a 5-d CIDR-Synch protocol suppressed early expression of ooestrus before timed artificial insemination (AI) but decreased pregnancies per AI for heifers inseminated with sexed but not conventional semen.  Further, submission of heifers to a 5-d CIDR-Synch protocol for first AI tended to increase pregnancies per AI and decrease the cost per pregnancy compared with heifers submitted for first AI based on once-daily detection of ooestrus after treatment with prostaglandin F2α

Answer 154

 Cows that developed metritis at >7 DIM had 2.09 higher odds of being cured than cows that developed metritis at ≤7 DIM.  For rectal temperature, each degree Celsius above 39.4°C led to lower odds to be cured than cows with rectal temperature ≤39.4°C.  Cows that had reduced milk production from the day before to the metritis diagnosis had lower odds to be cured than cows with moderate milk production increase  Cows developing metritis at >7 DIM, with increase in milk production, and with a rectal temperature ≤39.40°C had increased likelihood of cure of metritis with an accuracy of 75%

Answer 155

 Surgical wounds were fully healed on average 4 wk after the procedure, but only 1 calf in the rubber ring treatment fully healed within the 8-wk study  Inflammation was greater after rubber ring castration, rubber ring castration associated with less ADG due to, in part, lower starter intake  Calves in the rubber ring treatment spent less time lying down and licked their lesions more frequently.

Answer 156

 The major risk factors for PVD were calving-related problems, retained fetal membrane, metritis, and days in the close-up diet.  Pregnancy per artificial insemination following the first and second services was reduced in cows diagnosed with PVD compared with cows without PVD.  PVD was associated with increased odds of pregnancy loss after the first service and reduced hazard of pregnancy by 305 d in milk.  Severity of PVD was associated with odds of reproductive success

Answer 157

 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) allows for the determination of milk acetone (mACE) and β-hydroxybutyrate (mBHB) concentrations, providing a potential herd monitoring tool for hyperketolactia  Published hyperketolactic threshold concentrations were used to classify study milk samples into ketolactia groups  mACE (≥0.15 mmol/L), mBHB (≥0.10 mmol/L)  “Normal” (mACE <0.15 mmol/L and mBHB <0.10 mmol/L)  “hyperketolactic” (HYKL; either mACE ≥0.15 mmol/L or mBHB ≥0.10 mmol/L).  mACE and mBHB concentrations were influenced by effects of parity, DIM, and their interaction  Among HYKL samples, mACE was elevated soon after calving and declined over time.  In contrast, mBHB started lower after calving and increased reaching peak concentrations around 30 DIM, and then decreased

Answer 158

 BCS performed at 5DIM and 40DIM and BCS loss categorized as:  Excessive = ΔBCS ≤−0.75  Moderate = ΔBCS = −0.5 to −0.25  No change = ΔBCS = 0  BCS gain = ΔBCS ≥0.25  Both severe loss of body condition and disease occurrences measured within 40 days in milk affected subsequent cow performance and survival.  Odds of resumption of ovarian cyclicity lower in cows with excessive BCS loss  Odds of pregnancy greater in cows with BCS gain vs those with excessive loss  Cows with any disease had lower odds of resumption of ovarian cyclicity  Reproductive disease associated with lower odds of pregnancy at 150 and 305DIM  MY higher in cows with greater BCS loss

Answer 159

 ITS administration reduced the likelihood of IMI at calving for all pathogens  Odds of IMI at calving was similar between ITS75 and ITS35 quarters for both NAS and other pathogens  ITS administration at either 75 and 35 d prepartum reduced IMI prevalence at calving in primigravid dairy heifers.

Answer 160

 Lactating dairy cows responded better to fatty acid supplements enriched in C16:0 (Palmitic) compared with those containing C16:0 and C18:0 (Oleic).  Supplementation increased yields of milk and milk fat but had no impact on milk protein

Answer 161

 Cows received prepartum diets containing +200, −50, or −150 mEq/kg of dry matter.  Reducing the DCAD induced a compensated metabolic acidosis that increased apparent absorption of Ca and Mg and concentrations of ionized Ca in blood prepartum and on the day of calving and those of Mg postpartum  Reducing the DCAD had effects on reducing morbidity  Treatment did not affect the incidence or prevalence of subclinical hypocalcemia, hepatic composition, or the prevalence of fatty liver.  Reducing the DCAD had a quadratic effect on incidence of fever, uterine diseases and morbidity.

Answer 162

 Three experimental diets fed from wk1-wk3 then wk4-wk13 of lactation:  114g MP/kg DM then 107 MP/kg DM  107 MP/kg DM then 101 MP/kg DM  101 MP/kg DM and 101 MP/kg DM  Milk nitrogen efficiency increased with the lower-protein diet;  Dry matter intake, milk yield and composition, and incidence of diseases were not affected by metabolizable protein supply

Answer 163

 There was a clear benefit of an additional PGF2α treatment during the Ovsynch protocol on P/AI (+5.6 percentage units). Despite additional costs for hormones and labour, an additional treatment with PGF2α on d 8 was more profitable in 95% of all scenarios because of the associated increase in fertility.  It turned out, however, that adding a second PGF2α treatment was more profitable in multiparous cows compared with primiparous cows.

Answer 164

A double dose (1.0 mg) of cloprostenol sodium may be a feasible alternative for fertility programs based on nondifferent outcomes to the two/24 treatment, lower pregnancy losses, and reduced luteal blood flow disappearance following treatment in third-plus parity cows in comparison with the single treatment.

Answer 165

 Lying and rumination behaviour changed in cows diagnosed with metritis, but the differences observed depended on climatic/weather variables such as rainfall during the spring and temperature-humidity index during the autumn calving season.

Answer 166

 Induced cough and ear droop or head tilt assessed with a 2-scale combination of severity were the 2 BRD clinical signs whose reliability was acceptable clinically

Answer 167

 Maintenance of S. uberis within the dairy cow environment was due to a high proportion of animals shedding S. uberis in faeces  Detection levels were significantly higher for housed cattle compared with those at pasture.  Increased probability of detection if cows were housed in loose straw yards, compared those in straw cubicles.  Parity, stage of lactation, and body condition score were associated with detection.

Answer 168

 The highest frequencies of resistant Strep. uberis were observed for erythromycin (80.7% resistant, R), tetracycline (R = 59%), and penicillin G (R = 57.8%),  The overall use of antimicrobials was associated with the resistance of Strep. uberis to the antimicrobial tetracycline.

Answer 169

 Close monitoring of feeding and activity behaviours can allow for early detection of respiratory disease in preweaning calves.

Answer 170

 BS for Ca taken within ~3hrs of parturition  Ca ≤2.00 mmol/L associated with higher MY, higher SCC, reduced risk of pregnancy to first service, reduced hazard of pregnancy within 150DIM.

Answer 171

 Staph. aureus genotype stability gives important insight about the epidemiology of intramammary infections and is useful for devising strategies for control and prevention of Staph. aureus mastitis.

Answer 172

 Feeding high quality colostrum reduced scouring duration, enhanced surface area of duodenum and jejunum, and improved Feed Conversion Ratio during the first 5 wk of calf age.

Answer 173

 Calves fed colostrum replacer with additional antibodies had shorter duration of diarrhoeal illness compared with calves fed only milk replacer. Calves fed milk replacer with antibodies also had shorter duration of diarrhoeal illness compared with calves fed only milk replacer.

Answer 174

 These findings suggest a need for increased efforts to facilitate collaboration between farmers, hoof trimmers, and veterinarians to improve lameness management on dairy farms.

Answer 175

 In almost all situations, when the relative P/AI with SS was ≥85%, use of SS led to an overall increase of the farm net profit  If the relative P/AI with SS was <70%, the use of SS led to a decrease in profitability in all simulations except for when cows were AI’ed to FTAI.

Answer 176

 Based on the results of this study, there were no disadvantages to keeping replacement heifers from first-calving dams.  The progeny of dams ≥9 yr old had the lowest milk solids production in first (297.8 ± 1.6 kg), second (341.6 ± 1.8 kg), and third lactations (393.2 ± 2.4 kg).  Keeping replacements from dams aged 9 yr and over could not be recommended.

Answer 177

 Reducing DCAD depressed intake prepartum but had no effect on colostrum yield or composition or postpartum productive performance.  Reducing DCAD increased the proportion of pregnant cows by 305 d postpartum but had no effect on the rate of pregnancy.  Manipulating the DCAD of prepartum diets fed to nulliparous cows did not benefit postpartum production but had some benefit to reproduction.

Answer 178

 Method of diet delivery had no effect on DM intake, but neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was greater when the diet was delivered as TMR as compared with CF  Daily duration of ruminal pH <5.6 was less when the diet was delivered as TMR and this was associated with an improved NDF digestibility

Answer 179

 The feeding of diets containing 2.2 g of P/kg of DM during the last 6 wk of the dry period and 2.9 g of P/kg of DM during early lactation increased plasma Ca levels when compared with greater dietary P levels. These low-P diets may be instrumental in preventing hypocalcemia in periparturient cows and do not compromise DM intake and milk production.

Answer 180

 The NEM was estimated as 70.2 kcal/metabolic body weight per day.  The efficiencies of use of metabolizable energy and protein are greater for milk when compared with milk replacer and starter feed.

Answer 181

 Resting and rumination activity decreased to daily nadirs, whereas eating and high activity peaked at ooestrus.  Cows that returned to ooestrus after insemination had greater daily eating and high activity times and lower rumination and resting times during the expected time of ooestrus on d 21 through 26 after insemination compared with pregnant cows and cows failing to return to ooestrus.

Answer 182

 Spermatozoa were assessed for motility and kinematic parameters, morphology, acrosome integrity, plasma membrane lipid packing, viability (or membrane integrity), superoxide production, and DNA integrity  Acrosome integrity and viability were the only sperm attributes that were significantly different between high- and low-fertility bulls  Viability and acrosome integrity could serve as fertility biomarkers in the field and, when used alongside other sperm attributes, may be useful in detecting low-fertility bulls.

Answer 183

 Feeding rumen-protected Met did not affect pregnancy per AI or pregnancy loss measured at several time points after timed AI and did not affect other secondary outcomes, including uterine health, ovarian cyclicity, response to synchronization of ovulation, or embryo development and survival.

Answer 184

 Calves randomly assigned to 1 of 2 milk level treatments and 1 of 2 weaning treatments:  From d13 calves either fed 5L/d milk or an increasing plane to 9L/d  2-step weaning program or 4-step weaning program from d30-45.  Calves fed less milk consumed more starter during the preweaning and weaning periods, but a similar amount postweaning.

Answer 185

 TUS and CRS scores were weakly correlated. The TUS was associated with reduced ADG.  Calves with TUS scores ≥3 grew at 126 g/d less than unaffected calves over the 3-wk period before examination.  The predicted effect on ADG was dependent on the age and duration over which the animal was affected  There was no association of Clinical Respiratory Scoring with ADG.  Weight gain was lowest in animals with consistently high TUS scores (i.e. in chronic cases)

Answer 186

 Reduced feeding level induced negative energy balance, which may compromise welfare due to metabolic stress and hunger  No clear differences in risk of milk leakage after dry-off were observed between abrupt and gradual dry-off management strategies.  Use of cabergoline led to fewer signs of milk leakage and reduced udder engorgement during the first days after dry-off, which may positively affect welfare at dry-off

Answer 187

 We found frequent associations with welfare outcome measures for the amount of milk delivered per cow (e.g., lower risk of very lean cows or dirty hind legs but higher risk of mastitis treatments or antibiotic dry-off with increasing milk delivery), housing system (e.g., loose-housed animals were at lower risk of lesions on the tarsal joint than animals kept in tiestalls, but at higher risk of being classified as very fat),  Beneficial associations were consistently found for an increasing number of days with access to pasture (e.g., body condition, integument alterations, lameness) as well as organic compared with conventional farming

Answer 188

 The shorter the interval between administration of prepartum booster vaccination and calving, the lower the colostral IgG concentrations.  Vaccinating cows at 28 d prepartum, 7 d before pen change with an acidogenic diet, improved colostral IgG concentrations at calving and tended to reduce the rate of clinical mastitis within the first 150 DIM compared with cows immunized concurrent with a pen change at 21 d prepartum

Answer 189

 We recommend that producers implementing algorithm-guided SDCT use algorithm criteria that matches their relative aspirations:  For reducing antibiotic use (high specificity, positive predictive value)  For minimizing untreated IMI at dry-off (high sensitivity, negative predictive value).

Answer 190

 Cows that spend more time standing and engage in longer standing bouts in the weeks after calving were at increased risk of developing sole haemorrhages and sole ulcers later in lactation.

Answer 191

 Using data from AMS to detect and predict changes in milk homogeneity seems to be possible, although the prediction performance for the definitions of clots used in this study was poor.

Answer 192

 An increase in salivary SAA occurs during subclinical mastitis; SAA was higher in SCM cows and demonstrated a positive (weak) correlation with SCC  Cows with subclinical mastitis demonstrated changes in activity:  Distance moved, social exploration, social reactivity (here: likelihood to be displaced following receipt of agonism), performance of social grooming and head butts, and the receipt of agonistic noncontact challenges  Cows with subclinical mastitis demonstrated altered feeding patterns:  Spent a greater proportion of feeding time in direct contact with 2 conspecifics, and a lower proportion of feeding time at self-locking feed barriers

Answer 193

 There is a substantial variation in conception rate among Brown Swiss bulls, with more than 20% conception rate difference between high-fertility and low-fertility bulls.

Answer 194

 The addition of BFT to organic pasture improves growth of grazing replacement heifers.  Heifer hip height and fecal egg counts were not affected by treatment.

Answer 195

 Additional B vitamins and choline did not improve calf performance before, during, or after weaning.

Answer 196

 Oscillating (OS) dietary crude protein (CP) concentration may improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)  Overall, performance and NUE were unaffected by OS treatment, but apparent total-tract digestibility and milk urea concentration increased:  No difference in DMI, MY, milk component yields did not vary between groups  Milk urea concentration was higher, dry matter digestibility, NDF digestibility was higher for OS compared with ST

Answer 197

 Either:  Colostrum 10%BR then MR 10%BW  Colostrum 12%BR then MR 20%BW  20%-MR calves showed greater efficiency estimates preweaning, but this effect did not occur after weaning, suggesting that energy use efficiency does not persist until later stages in life.

Answer 198

 Precalving continuous-release monensin capsule administration affected postcalving milk fatty acid profile and the identification accuracy of most estimated FA for NEFA cows and some FA for HYK cows.  Specific milk fatty acid thresholds for identification of NEFA and HYK cows are applicable only within similar feeding conditions and rumen environment.

Answer 199

 No differences were found in number of treatments or recurrence risk of pneumonia or otitis  Both drugs used in the study were effective in reducing rectal temperature, ear scores, leukocyte counts, and mean relative abundance of the genera Mannheimia, Pasteurella, and Moraxella in the URT.  Neither were effective at reducing the mean relative abundance of Mycoplasma

Answer 200

 There were no effects of housing on calf health, feed intake, or average daily gain.

Answer 201

 Antimicrobial resistance was common in Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus from all different groups, with resistance to trimethoprim-sulfonamide frequently occurring in Staph. epidermidis and Staph. haemolyticus as well as in Staph. aureus.

Answer 202

 The average, maximum, and last cow-composite SCC of lactation were all predictive of presence of a major pathogen IMI and did not differ in their ability to discriminate infected from uninfected cows.  Optimal cut points for: * Last SCC: 108 × 1,000 cells/mL * Maximum SCC: 152 × 1,000 cells/mL * Average SCC: 105 × 1,000 cells/mL  Cow-composite SCC on its own resulted in sensitivities and specificities of between 0.76 and 0.86, and 0.71 to 0.80, respectively, for determination of presence of major pattern IMI, and the predictive value was not improved by addition of other predictor variables.

Answer 203

 Free herds have lower SCC, culling risk, calf mortality rate, and shorter calving interval than the breakdown herds.  New BVDV introduction affected the SCC and CMR.  A new introduction of BVDV had a negative but on average relatively small effect on herd performance in herds participating in a BVDV control program.

Answer 204

 Reducing feeding level, either before or on the dry-off day, resulted in consistently increased feeding motivation, interpreted as a sign of hunger.  No clear effects of change in milking frequency, singly or combined with reduced diet energy density, on feeding motivation were found.  The effects of cabergoline on feeding motivation are not easily interpreted and warrant further investigation.

Answer 205

 All clinical stages of digital dermatitis were associated with increased foot skin temperature.  Feet with active lesions were recorded having higher mean interdigital skin temperature compared with feet with chronic, inactive digital dermatitis lesions and nonaffected feet.  IST was highest in feet with M2 lesions, followed by M1 and M4.1 lesions.  This method can be used precalving with a sensitivity of 0.88, and a specificity of 0.66

Answer 206

 Total milk consumption, the percentage of milk allotment consumed, drinking speed, and the number of unrewarded visits were all significantly associated with 2 or more of bovine respiratory disease, neonatal calf diarrhoea, or general disease.  The sensitivity of disease detection was low; thus, to increase it, parallel interpretation was completed. With parallel interpretation, the use of an automated milk feeder can be a useful preliminary tool in disease detection.  Parallel testing resulted in a sensitivity of 0.82, 0.78, and 0.84, and a specificity of 0.26, 0.23, and 0.21, for BRD, NCD, and general disease, respectively. This suggests that automated milk feeders may serve as a useful preliminary tool in the detection of diseased calves.

Answer 207

 Cows entering second parity had lower Brix values compared with cows entering third or greater parity  Prepartum vaccination of cows led to higher Brix values compared with nonvaccinated cows.  Cows with a moderate to high lameness score had lower Brix values than cows with low-grade lameness.  An increase of glutamate dehydrogenase serum activity and serum calcium concentration were associated with lower Brix values  An increase in the difference of total protein and albumin serum concentration led to higher Brix values

Answer 208

 Clot density was scored based on coverage of the filter area as 0 (negative), 1 (trace), 2 (mild), 3 (moderate), 4 (heavy), and 5 (very heavy).  Quarter Milking Sample 3 could be a reasonable threshold for detecting quarters with abnormal milk that require further attention.

Answer 209

 Neither of the 2 ELISA tests yielded satisfactory sensitivity without compromising specificity.  For Medicago's ELISA test, an Se (95% posterior credible interval) of 0.57 (0.32; 0.94) could be achieved without compromising Sp  For GD Animal Health's in-house ELISA test, an Se of 0.60 (0.37; 0.92) was achieved without compromising Sp.  Currently, inspection at trimming in a chute is necessary for surveillance of digital dermatitis in Norway, although these ELISA tests of bulk tank milk might be a useful supplement.

Answer 210

 Cows that received pegbovigrastim produced approximately 1 kg/d less milk in early lactation

Answer 211

Housing treatment did not affect calf health, performance, ability to learn to use the teat in the first 2 wk, or use of an autofeeder after grouping.  Following initial grouping and regrouping, previously pair-housed calves spent more time lying socially, but previous social contact did not affect interaction with novel pen resources or locomotor activities.

Answer 212

 Feeding a prepartum high-protein diet combined with restricted intake can provide benefits of both strategies than relying independently on increased dietary protein or restricted intake.

Answer 213

 Holstein calves fed MR and starter supplemented with 0, 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg of BW mixed tocopherols daily from 2-3d until 56d of age.  Data suggests that tocopherols may improve an animal's oxidative status, directing more nutrients toward growth and improving animal efficiency. Further consideration should be given to the effects of these isoforms in diets of ruminants

Answer 214

 RPC tended to reduce the increase in RR, increased MY, reduced fatty acid and tryglyceride concentrations and increased revised insulin sensitivity.  Rumen-protected choline partially mitigated the effect of heat stress in mid-lactation cows

Answer 215

 81% cows voluntarily consumed the Ca supplement  No MY or composition differences for multiparous cows  Primiparous cows had increased MY and composition, decreased risk of subclinical ketosis, and increased calving interval.

Answer 216

 Mirror scoring in a milking parlor or a pen without washing the feet was an easy way to score cows for digital dermatitis, but its sensitivity was relatively low, especially for active lesions. However, this method would be suitable for longitudinal monitoring and control of digital dermatitis within farms.

Answer 217

 Generally, the MIC of CNS and streptococcal isolates from organic herds were lower than isolates from herds using DCT. However, the differences in MIC distributions occurred at MIC below clinical breakpoints, so that the bacteriological cure rates may not differ

Answer 218

 2 experiments performed to evaluate biplate and triplate chromogenic culture media, c.f. MALDI-TOF.  Biplate – G+ve versus G-ve  Triplate - Streptococcus and Strep-like organisms, Staphylococcus, and gram-negative bacteria.  For CM and SCM, accuracy of the methods varied by causative pathogen  The results of chromogenic culture media may be useful for rapid decision-making on mastitis treatment protocols of the main mastitis-causing microorganisms, but their use for implementation of mastitis control measures will depend on each farm specific needs.

Answer 219

 We did not find any significant association between precalving rumination time and disease within the first 30 DIM.  Higher rumination time in the week before calving was shown to be strongly linked to a shorter time to subsequent pregnancy, whereas rumination times postcalving were not associated with changes in the time to pregnancy.  A curvilinear combination of gestation length and duration in the close-up pen was significantly associated with changes in disease incidence in the first 30 DIM

Answer 220

 The increase in size of thick-walled veins in the teat tissue is the main reason for the thickening of the teat walls in response to machine milking.

Answer 221

 Cows categorized as “high” (any of the last 3 monthly individual SCC ≥200,000cells/mL or an occurrence of CM within that period) or “low” SCC and assigned to three treatment groups:  Antibiotic treatment administered at the cow level  Antibiotic treatment administered at the quarter level if CMT score 2  Antibiotic treatment administered at the quarter level if CMT score 3  Leaving quarters untreated with intramammary antibiotic in cows in the high cell count group, with a CMT <2 or <1, reduced antibiotic use by 55% and 31%, respectively, and resulted in no difference in the odds of being infected with any pathogen postcalving, but was associated with a higher SCC at the first test day.  No differences in clinical mastitis incidence and milk yield in the first 100 d in milk were detected between any of the treatment groups.  These study findings support selective quarter level dry off treatment only in cows with cow level SCC >200,000 cells/mL at dry off.

Answer 222

 Compared to a dry period length of 51-60d  Dry period lengths shorter or longer than the conventional length of approximately 55 d were associated with slightly greater risks of culling

Answer 223

 β-carotene supplementation did not affect colostrum quality or yield but increased the solids content of colostrum. Calves fed colostrum from cows supplemented with β-carotene had decreased apparent efficiency of absorption of immunoglobulin G but improved feed efficiency.

Answer 224

 Growth performance was positively influenced by greater starter protein content because of increased microbial protein synthesis and blood insulin concentration.

Answer 225

Males were born heavier than females, but maternal DCAD did not affect birth weight of all calves (P200 = 37.7 vs. N50 = 37.3 vs. N150 = 37.8 ± 0.7 kg) or daily weight gain in females in the first 56 d of life (P200 = 0.80 vs. N50 = 0.81 vs. N150 = 0.77 ± 0.03 kg/d). Treatment did not affect intake of milk (P200 = 1.11 vs. N50 = 1.04 vs. N150 = 1.19 ± 0.06 kg/d) or starter grain DM (P200 = 0.27 vs. N50 = 0.27 vs. N150 = 0.21 ± 0.06 kg/d), or measures of feed efficiency. Treatment did not affect concentrations of minerals in serum, morbidity, or age at morbidity. Manipulating the DCAD of pregnant nulliparous dams during late gestation did not affect offspring performance in the first 2 mo of age.

Answer 226

 Heifers diagnosed with calfhood BRD (up to 12months of age) had higher odds of dying and of herd removal before first calving compared with heifers never diagnosed with this condition.  Heifers with calfhood BRD also had a decreased average daily gain and produced less milk during their first lactation.

Answer 227

 Growth performance, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were not different.  The current study provides evidence that neomycin inclusion in milk replacer reduces fecal scores and the duration of diarrhoea in calves but does not improve other indicators of health or growth performance.

Answer 228

 The waiting period could be extended until 200 d for primiparous cows and until 125 d for multiparous cows without an effect on milk yield per day of calving interval.  The VWP could be extended from 50 d to 125 d without an effect on daily yield per day of calving interval.  Extending VWP until 200 d for primiparous cows did not affect their daily milk yield, but multiparous cows with a 200-d VWP had a reduced milk yield per day of calving interval and an increased body condition in late lactation and the subsequent lactation, compared with multiparous cows with a 50-d VWP.

Answer 229

 Significant losses in cumulative milk yield (−382 to −989 kg) and correspondingly lower fat and protein yields were found in mastitic cows, with transition and late-lactation mastitic cows having the highest losses  cows that had a first instance of mastitis at any of the 4 lactation stages had lower milk production than healthy cows * Transition: MY reduction of 8% * Early lactation: MY reduction of 6% * Mid lactation: MY reduction of 5% * Late lactation: MY reduction of 10%

Answer 230

 Cows experiencing an instance of lameness in any of the 4 investigated lactation stages experienced significant reductions in cumulative milk yield and milk components.  The largest reductions in milk yield were in transition lame cows, at 1,200 kg less over the course of their lactation compared with healthy cows

Answer 231

 The traditional approach of using bulk tank somatic cell count (SCC) to estimate total herd milk loss due to subclinical SCC inaccurately assesses reductions in milk loss.  Estimates of total herd milk yield loss vary with the distribution of cow-level SCC and parity within the herd, so it is imperative that milk loss be calculated on a per cow basis and summed to calculate the total herd loss

Answer 232

 As a rule of thumb, when taken separately, we propose 15 to 18% peNDF >8 as a safe range for diet formulation to prevent SARA, when starch or NFC levels are within 20 to 25% and 35 to 40% ranges, respectively.  At dietary starch content below 20% of DM, grain type was insignificant in affecting ruminal pH.  Given that a lower ruminal pH is expected in these high-risk cows, it is advisable to keep the lower end of recommended starch (20%) and higher peNDF >8 (18%) contents in the diet of these cows.

Answer 233

 Feed efficiency was lower when MR was fed ad libitum, and growth advantages observed at 2 mo were lost by 4 mo of age

Answer 234

 Using Holstein Friesian bulls exhibiting extremes in fertility typical of those in artificial insemination, we report that although differences in field fertility were not reflected in fertilization rate, differences in embryo quality were apparent as early as d 7.  These differences were reflected in a higher proportion of conceptuses surviving to d 15 in high-fertility bulls, which coincides with the period of maternal recognition of pregnancy in cattle.

Answer 235

 Cows with improved energy balance in early lactation had a shorter interval to start of luteal activity, greater milk progesterone concentrations at start of luteal activity, and earlier first observed heats.  Early-lactation energy balance did not affect conception rate to first service

Answer 236

 An automatic spray on the upper surface of the brush motor with disinfectant along with daily change of brushes collectively reduced transmission of Strep. agalactiae and Strep. dysgalactiae

Answer 237

 Daily milk consumption, drinking speed, and rewarded and unrewarded visits may provide insight into early disease detection in preweaned dairy calves

Answer 238

 Calves fed a preventative dose of colostrum replacer, versus a placebo, were less likely to develop pneumonia 14 d later, but this treatment did not affect growth.  No difference was found for risk of diarrhoea  CR may reduce BRD likelihood but did not influence growth in calves offered high allowances of milk

Answer 239

 Quadratic associations between days on the close-up diet and the risk of uterine diseases and energy-corrected milk yield were detected, with 28 d on the close-up diet resulting in lowest incidence of disease and greatest milk yield.

Answer 240

 Increased space and a blind may allow cows to perform natural behaviours before calving.  Presence of a blind reduced attention from other cows around calving  Animals in pens with a blind had shorter labor lengths than those without a blind

Answer 241

 Based on our results, the current literature lacks a clear repeatable clinical definition of infectious respiratory disease in adult dairy cows.  The most commonly reported clinical signs were fever (without specifying a precise temperature threshold), nasal discharge, cough, and dyspnea

Answer 242

 Cows diagnosed with metritis that do not undergo clinical cure by 10 d of onset of antimicrobial therapy have impaired reproductive performance, reduced milk production, and increased risk of leaving the herd. o Failure of clinical cure associated with a smaller proportion of cyclic cows, reduced P/AI, greater pregnancy loss, reduced hazard of pregnancy by 300DIM and lower milk production for the first 10 months postpartum o In comparison, metritis that cured was associated with reduced MY for 2 months PP

Answer 243

 The volume of the digital cushion was negatively associated with the number of lameness events or CHL recorded.  Animals with body condition score >3, culled later in lactation, or of a greater body weight were more likely to have a higher volume of digital cushion in the lateral claws.

Answer 244

 The volume of the digital cushion was negatively associated with the number of lameness events or CHL recorded.  Animals with body condition score >3, culled later in lactation, or of a greater body weight were more likely to have a higher volume of digital cushion in the lateral claws.

Answer 245

 Heifers with a history of BRD before weaning were less likely to be inseminated or achieve first calving than heifers without BRD. However, BRD status did not change the age at first insemination of calving among those being inseminated or reaching first calving, respectively  A history of diarrhoea preweaning was not associated with changes in the probability of being inseminated, having a confirmed pregnancy, or reaching first calving. However, heifers affected by diarrhoea required more inseminations to become pregnant. Diarrhoea status was also associated with a 325-kg reduction in 305ME in the first lactation and a 50 g/d reduction in ADG.

Answer 246

 Variables associated with a lower proportion of new high SCC on herd level during the dry period were: o The use of dip or spray after drying off o A higher animal-defined daily dose of intramammary antimicrobials for DCT o The use of DCT in low-SCC cows based on SCC or mastitis history o Correct knowledge of DCT guidelines o An awareness of importance of low infection rate and good hygiene during dry-off.  Variables associated with a higher proportion of new high SCC on herd level were: o Dry cow housing other than cubicles o A higher animal-defined daily dose for intramammary antimicrobials for mastitis.

Answer 247

 The cut-off level for PMN defined as CYTO was set to 3.0%, representing the level at which the PMN occurrence affected pregnancy outcome, with the highest summation of sensitivity (32.4%) and specificity (74.9%).

Answer 248

Under commercial herd conditions, prepartum negative DCAD diets improved milk production and reproductive performance, and reduced culling risk in multiparous cows. In primiparous cows, TRT diets had no effect on milk yield or culling, but increased the time to pregnancy. Our results suggest that negative DCAD diets should be targeted to multiparous cows.

Answer 249

We detected no treatment effects on RP, metritis, hyperketonemia, or PVD incidence. Cows fed TRT had lesser incidence of DA (1.7 ± 0.7% vs. 3.6 ± 1.6%) and tended to have lesser incidence of MAST compared with CON (1.8% ± 0.6% vs. 4.4 ± 1.4%). No treatment effect was detected on ≥1 disease events (TRT: 38 ± 7%, vs. CON: 42 ± 8%); however, multiparous cows on TRT were less likely to have ≥2 disease events than cows on CON (14 ± 4% vs. 23 ± 6%).

Answer 250

 Flow-controlled vacuum increased peak milk flowrate by 12% and increased average milk flowrate by 4%.  The occurrence of rough teat ends was slightly reduced during the flow-controlled vacuum period  The reduction in milking duration of individual cows allows a higher rotary parlor speed

Answer 251

 Peak activity was associated with P/AI, with 1.35 greater odds of pregnancy for cows with high PA compared with cows with low PA  Increased THI 1 wk before AI was associated with shorter duration of ooestrus, lower peak of activity, and decreased P/AI.

Answer 252

 Adipocyte size was similar across all 4 claws and across all ages  Animals with a BCS of 3.00 or higher had a significantly increased cell size in comparison to those with a score of less than 2.50

Answer 253

 Pairwise scoring consists of identifying the relative rank (i.e. which one is more lame) between two individuals  Pairwise scoring and scaling had the scoring consistency of binary absolute scoring with finer continuous granularity than 4-level absolute scoring. The pairwise scoring method, and associated scaling, offer a more consistent and informative alternative to conventional absolute multilevel locomotion scoring.

Answer 254

 Infection status at parturition does not markedly affect colostrum antibody concentrations and quality  In Holsteins, concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, and IgA were greater in multiparous cows than primiparous cows; but this was not true for jersey cows.

Answer 255

 Cross sucking occurred for at least twice as long in pairs with buckets only  Regardless of starter treatment, calves spent less time cross sucking when fed milk in teat buckets  When calves are fed milk in open buckets, a novel option for reducing cross sucking is to provide starter through a specialized bottle. Nonetheless, providing milk in slow-flow teat buckets had the greatest effect on reducing cross sucking by directing suckling to the teat instead of another calf or pen objects.

Answer 256

 Aseptic quarter level samples taken from cows approaching dry off and cows followed until 120DIM  The presence of late-lactation IMI caused by major pathogens was positively associated with postcalving clinical mastitis  IMI caused by Streptococcus and Streptococcus (Strep)-like organisms, other than Aerococcus spp. (i.e., Enterococcus, Lactococcus, and Streptococcus spp.) were associated with increases in postcalving clinical and subclinical mastitis.  But infection with NAS species associated with variable effects

Answer 257

 Herd udder hygiene assessed at milking was positively associated with clinical mastitis  At least 80 cows needed to be scored to achieve sufficiently precise estimations of herd udder hygiene  Cows scored later during the milking order were more likely to have poorer udder cleanliness.

Answer 258

 Udder health deteriorations around the transition to an AMS were still observed, although less than historically measured.

Answer 259

 Ear tag based smartbow system applied to calves after birth  Lying and activity times the day before diarrhoea were associated with the odds of diarrhoea occurring the subsequent day

Answer 260

 Penicillin should remain the first-choice antimicrobial for the therapy of Strep. uberis and Lactococcus spp. However, a success of any antimicrobial treatment of enterococcal infections seems questionable.

Answer 261

 Culling infected cows early in lactation may facilitate herd-level eradication of Strep. Agalactiae  A higher proportion of culling due to mastitis within 100 d from calving was associated with a higher probability of herd-level recovery from Strep. agalactiae in herds with conventional milking system

Answer 262

 Exposure to fine (PM1.0μm) particulate matter fractions was associated with increased odds of lung consolidations of ≥1 cm (OR: 3.3), ≥3 cm (OR: 2.8), and ≥6 cm (OR: 12.3).  The odds of having lung consolidations of ≥1 cm (OR: 13.9) and ≥3 cm (OR: 6.7) were higher when endotoxin concentrations in the dust mass exceeded 8.5 EU/µg.  Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid neutrophil percentage was positively associated with PM10 concentration  Concentration of particulate matter 2.5μm was positively associated with epithelial cell percentage and isolation of Pasteurella multocida.  In this study particulate matter fractions were associated with pneumonia in calves.

Answer 263

 Sound of cows walking recorded, machine learning used to predict lameness.  This model obtained a sensitivity of 0.81 and a specificity of 0.97.  This study shows that lameness can be detected by machine learning from the impact sound of hoofs in dairy cows.

Answer 264

 Cows that developed lameness in early lactation showed reduced daily rumination time in the period between +1 and +3 d relative to dry-off.  Cows that developed lameness in the first 60 d in milk showed reduced RT from 1 to 3 d following dry off compared with cows that were not diagnosed with lameness in early lactation.  Rumination time around dry off was not associated with the occurrence of mastitis, metritis, retained placenta, hyperketonemia, hypocalcemia, pneumonia, and displaced abomasum

Answer 265

 Average rumination time and change in rumination time over the first 6 d in milk are associated with peak milk yield for multiparous cows, whereas no association was found for primiparous cows

Answer 266

 Calves sedated with xylazine for cautery disbudding responded less to painful stimuli both during and following the procedure and had a higher rate of play behaviour 24 h following sedation compared with the nonsedated calves, but xylazine may also have a prolonged carryover effect that affects suckling behaviour for 48 h following sedation

Answer 267

 Based on this study, assessments performed at 3 DIM using tCa concentration ≤1.99 mmol/L for increased risk of early-lactation culling and FFA ≥0.43 mmol/L for increased risk of metritis could be used as starting points

Answer 268

 Culture and algorithm based SDCT approaches associated with financial savings  The extent of financial savings was reduced if clinical or subclinical mastitis frequency increased after SDCT

Answer 269

 Protocol: all calves with an increase of 0.5°C in rectal temperature compared with the previous week's measurement were treated for Anaplasma spp. and Babesia spp  Over half of treated cases were negative on blood smears  An optimized protocol would consider rectal temperature and smear results prior to treatment; which would be more economically viable.

Answer 270

 Increasing peNDF8.0 concentration in high-concentrate diets could help alleviate subacute ruminal acidosis by increasing peNDF8.0 intake, chewing activity, and rumen pH. Feed digestibility and plasma metabolites were also enhanced

Answer 271

 Final BW (84 d) did not differ between treatments.  Overall, calves fed ad libitum seemed to regulate their intake of MR based on its energy density, without significant effects on solid feed intake and overall growth.

Answer 272

 Previous parity milk production was associated with an increased probability of twin births across parity and breed.  Third and greater parity (3+) compared with second parity (2) and all breeds compared with Jerseys were associated with greater twin probability  Twin births associated with a lower hazard of subsequent pregnancy

Answer 273

 Pregnancy loss and twins were predicted with moderate accuracy by P4 concentration at d 37 post-AI:  A threshold of 6.5 ng/mL predicted pregnancy loss with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.64,  A threshold of 7.2 ng/mL predicted twins with AUC of 0.71.

Answer 274

 The majority of calf milk replacers contain more lactose and less fat than whole milk.  This study evaluated the effects of partially replacing lactose in milk replacer with fat on glucose metabolism in neonatal dairy calves.  This resulted in increased body weight gain during the first week of life, and although fasting insulin sensitivity was unaffected, smaller fluctuations in postprandial plasma glucose and insulin were observed and postprandial insulin sensitivity tended to be increased

Answer 275

 Correlation coefficients (r) were 0.97 for Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) and SCC and 0.90 for TLS and SCS. The onfarm milk leukocyte differential tester was precise but not overall accurate for total cell counts; it had high specificity and accuracy for diagnosis compared with a standard diagnostic tool

Answer 276

 Three OFC systems:  Minnesota Easy Culture System II Bi-plate (gram-positive, gram-negative)  Minnesota Easy Culture System II Tri-plate (gram-positive, gram-negative, some genus level)  FERA Diagnostics and Biologicals AccuMast plate (genus level, some species level)  all 3 OFC appeared suitable to support pathogen-based mastitis management when operated by trained observers.  Training beyond the instruction manual is a prerequisite to make OFC systems useful for pathogen-based mastitis management

Answer 277

 Focused lung ultrasound only considers lung lobes most commonly affected by BRD:  The caudal aspect of the cranial lobe of the left lung (fifth and fourth left intercostal spaces; ICS)  The middle lobe of the right lung (fifth right ICS)  The caudal aspect of the cranial lobe of the right lung (fourth right ICS).  Pneumonia was diagnosed when a calf had a minimum of one small lobular lung lesion that was at least 1 cm deep within a normally aerated lobe  Focus Lung US(Flus) had a sensitivity of 81.6% and a Sp of 100%.  Flus might be of use when examining large numbers of calves, agreeing well with TUS

Answer 278

 The prevalence of adequate TPI was associated with the prevalence of an adequate colostrum volume fed at first meal (≥2.5L) and the prevalence of an adequate time to first feeding (≤3 h).

Answer 279

 Increased odds of adequate transfer of passive immunity associated with:  Calves receiving ≥2.5 L colostrum at their first meal  Calves receiving colostrum with ≥24.5% Brix  Calves receiving colostrum within 3 h after birth  Total bacteria count and TCC were not associated with the odds of adequate transfer of passive immunity

Answer 280

 Majority of isolates belonged to the clonal complex CC103  Most isolates were susceptible to β-lactams

Answer 281

 Factors associated with a low SCC in primiparous cows included:  Having an SOP for colostrum feeding  Lower mean bulk SCC  Lower overall culling rate due to udder health  Not using automatic milking

Answer 282

 Claw horn disruption lesions develop due to excessive pressure from the distal phalanx on the horn-producing tissue in the sole  Measured the thickness of the soft tissue between the pedal bone and the sole horn on all weight-bearing hind claws of 34 heifers 4 times during the weeks before and after calving.  We showed that the pedal bone was sinking from 10 d before to 5 d after calving.  Solar thickness decreased when measured precalving and postcalving, associated with rotation of the distal phalanx toward the posterior part of the sole horn in the weeks around calving  There was NO correlation between BCS and solar soft tissue thickness.

Answer 283

 Differential somatic cell count represents the combined proportions of polymorphonuclear neutrophils plus lymphocytes (PMN-LYM) in the total somatic cell count (SCC).  Differential somatic cell count was also positively associated with the recovery of milk nutrients in the curd (protein, fat, and energy), which increased linearly with increasing DSCC

Answer 284

 Whilst M. bovis was the most common, 21% of mastitis cases contained other Mycoplasma spp.  Mycoplasma bovis was the most prevalent Mycoplasma species (75.1%), followed by M. bovigenitalium (6.5%), M. canadense (5.9%), M. alkalescens (5%), M. arginini (1.7%), M. californicum (0.1%), and M. primatum (0.1%)  Our results suggest that it is critical to test milk samples for mycoplasmas using diagnostic tests able to identify both the genus and the species

Answer 285

 Measured force, contact areas and pressures on sound and lame cows, after trimming and with plywood plates attached to claws  After foot trimming, medial forelimb claw carried 70% of the entire forelimb load, with the palmar zone bearing 54% of the entire load and the greatest forces/pressures.  3mm plywood plates attached to the lateral claw only resulted in a more even load distribution  Equal load distribution between the forelimb claws was achieved in our setting when the lateral claws were left 3 mm higher than the medial claws.

Answer 286

 The rYidR vaccine reduced the risk of CM caused by Klebsiella spp. and the mortality or culling of cows with CM caused by E. coli.  Additionally, cows immunized with rYidR produced more milk and had higher conception risk at the first service compared with cows injected with a placebo or a commercially available vaccine.

Answer 287

 Higher system vacuum caused faster milk removal in all liner and ventilation types.  Round liners milked faster than triangular liners at simultaneously lower mouthpiece chamber vacuum.  Mouthpiece chamber ventilation caused lower mouthpiece chamber vacuum with stronger fluctuations compared with claw ventilation in both liner types.  However, milking performance was not affected by the type of cluster ventilation

Answer 288

 Compared with sound cows, daily eating time differed by –20 min and –38 min for moderately (Score 3/5) and severely lame (score 4 or 5/5) cows, respectively.  Lame cows also lied down for longer and walked less steps  A loss in body condition during early lactation was associated with increased lameness postpartum in multiparous cows.

Answer 289

 When using a dose-based metric, intramammary antimicrobials represented the greatest proportion of antimicrobials used, whereas using a mass-based metric, systemic antimicrobials represented the greatest proportion of antimicrobials used.  These results showed that choice of metric can substantially alter interpretations about quantities and routes of antimicrobials administered on dairy farms.

Answer 290

 Waste bins on farms for 12 months compared to farm medicine records and vet sales data  Although no method was perfect, by comparing the results of veterinary sales data, on-farm medicine records, and on-farm medicine waste bins, we concluded that veterinary sales data agreed best with the reference method used

Answer 291

 When preoperative prophylaxis was applied, the choice of (combinations of) the AM and the timing of administration were not adequate at the start of the surgical procedure (88% for CS and 90% for LDA).  We conclude that considerable qualitative (timing, choice of antimicrobial, route of administration) and quantitative (limit AMU to indicated procedures) improvement on antimicrobial prophylaxis for CS and LDA is possible by appreciation of the risks of the type of surgery (CS, LDA) and its conditions as well as by selecting classes of AM and timing and routes of administration that result in effective drug concentrations at the start of the procedure.

Answer 292

 Using a threshold of <23% for digital Brix refractometer and <50 g/L for RID and TIR spectroscopy, median Se estimates were  23% Brix - 73.2  <50g/L RID - 86.2  <50g/L TIR - 91.9%  Median Sp estimates were  23% Brix – 85.2  <50g/L RID – 99.4  <50g/L TIR – 90.7%  A suggested Brix threshold of >23% could reduce feeding of low-quality colostrum to calves  TIR spectroscopy showed high Se in detection of low-quality colostrum.  The RID assay, which is used as the reference test in several studies, showed limited Se for detection of low-quality colostrum.

Answer 293

 Transient subclinical hypocalcaemia (tSCH) – physiological  Transiently subclinical cows experienced a significant blood calcium drop within the first day after calving but then recovered quickly.  Persistent subclinical hypocalcaemia (pSCH) – pathological  Persistently subclinical cows had a small but extended drop in blood calcium  Delayed subclinical hypocalcaemia (dSCH) – pathological  Delayed subclinical cows had a significant blood calcium drop and slow recovery  There was higher DMI and milk yield in cows that remained normocalcemic or experienced a transient reduction in plasma calcium following calving. o No differences in prepartum feed intakes o Normocalcaemic and transient SCH cows consumed more feed than the pSCH or the dSCH during the first 3wk of lactation Have a look paper for threshold!!!

Answer 294

 overconditioned (≥3.5)  The BCS at dry-off was associated with changes in feeding behaviour, such that overconditioned cows had lesser daily DMI and feeding time during the early and late dry periods compared with not overconditioned animals.  We also noted an effect of previous 305-d milk yield on DMI; cows that produced more milk had greater DMI throughout the dry period. The ΔBCS was only partially mediated by DMI, and BCS at dry-off still had a direct effect on ΔBCS. This result indicated that mechanisms other than DMI were associated with BCS loss during the dry period.  Strategies to improve intake during the dry period should take dry-off BCS into account or, preferably, efforts should be made to minimize the number of overconditioned cows at the end of lactation.

Answer 295

 2 on-farm tests used: CHROMagar Mastitis or Minnesota easy culture Tri-plate which discriminated gram positive, gram negative and culture negative.  Clinical cure rate, percentage of new IMI, and SCC on d 21 of clinical mastitis were comparable among the groups – using on farm kits led to more treatments in accordance with the aetiology of mastitis by farmers  For subclinical mastitis, antimicrobial usage was much higher in cases using either culture system than the controls  For subclinical mastitis, on-farm testing may lead to an unacceptable increase in use of antimicrobials and thus should not be advised as the common approach

Answer 296

 Nine MR-NAS species were identified; Staph. sciuri, Staph. lentus, Staph. fleurettii, Staph. epidermidis, and Staph. haemolyticus were the most common species.  Resistance genes may be transferred between NAS and Staph. aureus on the respective farms.

Answer 297

 Prepartum behaviour of cows affected with metritis, DA, and ketosis was different from that of cows not diagnosed with diseases during the 1wk prepartum:  Cows with metritis had more lying bouts (+21%)  Cows with DA had fewer meals (−24%) and tended to take fewer steps (−18%)  Cows with ketosis had fewer meals (−22%) and spent less time at the feed bunk (−40%).

Answer 298

 The association of greater dam mean SCS with lesser daughter milk fat yield is likely due to a few underlying mechanisms, in particular, a predisposition for mastitis and alterations in the epigenome controlling milk fat synthesis

Answer 299

 Failing to pasteurize nonsaleable milk and colostrum had a detrimental influence on performance of heifers with low birth weight, which remained apparent for more than 2 yr.  For the first 42 d of life, low birth weight heifers fed pasteurized versus raw NSM had greater weight gain, grain intake, and feed efficiency and were weaned earlier  During the first lactation low birth weight heifers fed raw nonsaleable milk produced less milk, MP, MF compared to those fed pasteurized NSM or MR.

Answer 300

 Calves fed the concentrates only had lower DMI and ADG than the other two groups  There were no performance differences between calves fed the hay + concentrate separately or mixed  Calves fed the mixed ration developed a higher degree of sorting against long fractions, which persisted in the short term during TMR feeding  By the end of the experiment (wk 28), feed sorting and rumen pH were similar across all treatments.

Answer 301

 Around weaning a prolonged ruminal pH depression was observed: dietary rumen adaptation after weaning can take several weeks in calves with a high MR feeding rate preweaning.

Answer 302

 Cows inseminated from 7 to 24 h after onset of oestrus or from 1 to 18 h after peak of oestrus activity showed greatest pregnancy per AI irrespective of type of semen.

Answer 303

In cows affected by ENDO, a second treatment also increased the pregnancy risk at first insemination compared with cows that only received one treatment (30.3 vs. 39.2%). Overall, these results demonstrate that administering a second intrauterine cephapirin infusion 14 d after the initial treatment in postpartum cows affected by PVD or ENDO did improve their subsequent reproductive performance.

Answer 304

 Calves with Hp concentration ≤0.63 μmol/L at arrival were more likely to be diagnosed with BRD (and tended to have lower ADG) during the preweaning period  Hp was not associated with mortality  Circulating concentrations of l-lactate and cortisol measured at arrival were not associated with BRD incidence during the preweaning period

Answer 305

 The discovery of common pulsotypes among milking equipment samples from different farms consistently sharing Staph. aureus with bulk tank milk samples shows the role of milking equipment as a source of Staph. aureus in on-farm bulk tank milk contamination

Answer 306

 Sheltered cows were cleaner, spent more time lying down, and showed fewer signs of fat mobilization than cows without access to shelter during the prepartum period (lower NEFA and haptoglobin precalving and postcalving respectively).  The provision of shelter mitigates the effects of winter weather, promoting the welfare of prepartum dairy cows.

Answer 307

 Pair housing of dairy heifer calves during the preweaning period helps meet the natural social needs of the calf and has been shown to improve growth and starter intake during the preweaning period as compared with individual housing.  Calves raised individually or in pairs up until 16wks of age.  Pair raised calves were heavier at weaning and gained 150g/d more per day than the individually reared calves  During weaning pair raised calves had increased lying times.

Answer 308

 cows preferred familiar individuals as grooming partners and feeding neighbors directly after regrouping and 1wk later  Familiar cows displaced each other at the feed bunk more than unfamiliar ones, possibly because they were neighbors more often  A small group of familiar cows may provide ongoing social buffering after regrouping.

Answer 309

 On average, for cows that did recover, the inflammation indicators recovered within 3 to 4 wk after the initial udder inflammation  A cutoff point between nonchronic and chronic changes in indicators of 3 to 4 wk after the initial inflammation for SCC and σ-conductivity is suggested

Answer 310

 Both SCC and DSCC increased after IMI, with a more pronounced increase if major or other pathogens were detected compared with minor pathogens.  Major pathogens had the longest-lasting effect in both herds for both SCC and DSCC.

Answer 311

 pneumonia was defined as having lobar pneumonia, as diagnosed by US, in at least 1 lung lobe.  Severity of pneumonia was associated with an increased relative abundance of Pasteurella spp. in the nasopharynx.  Increased microbial diversity of the nasopharynx may be associated with reduced prevalence of clinical BRD

Answer 312

 (I) We tested 4 tie-rail positions, including 2 novel tie-rail placements, and found that injury prevalence changed based on the location of the tie-rail.

Answer 313

 (II) Compared the effect of a tie chain longer than the current recommendation on the ease of movement of dairy cows housed in tiestalls  Increasing chain length leads cows to modify the way they use the available space and improves their ease of movement upon lying down.  Increasing chain length could be implemented as a low-cost modification on tiestall dairy farms as part of a series of measures aiming to improve comfort of dairy cow at their stalls.

Answer 314

 (III) Compared the effect of housing lactating dairy cows in tiestalls of double width compared with the current recommendation  Increasing stall width improves the cows’ comfort and resting capacity by providing them with increased opportunities to express and switch between natural lying postures.  Increasing stall width also reduced the prevalence of contacts with the stall elements during lying-down movements,

Answer 315

 (IV) Tested the effect of stall length and manger wall height on dairy cows housed in deep-bedded tiestalls.  Increasing stall length increased lying time and allowed for healing of pre-existing injuries. Manger wall height may play a role in how the cow positions herself in the stall.

Answer 316

 4 treatment protocols:  3x 62.5mg amoxicillin 12hrs apart  5x 62.5mg amoxicillin 24hrs apart  5x 125 mg of ceftiofur hydrochloride 24hrs apart  No treatment  Streptococcus uberis, followed by Streptococcus dysgalactiae, were the main causes of gram-positive CM.  The 2d protocol had similar bacteriological/clinical cures the 5d protocol  5d protocols were more effective at reducing milk cfu counts  Antibiotic use remains an indispensable strategy for treatment of CM caused by gram-positive bacteria.

Answer 317

 In 31 animals the sensor was removed because the tail was swollen or painful.  Depending on the interval preceding the onset of parturition, sensitivity varied from 19 to 75% and specificity from 63 to 96%.

Answer 318

 The profitability of sexed semen was primarily dependent on the baseline fertility of the herd, as well as calf prices

Answer 319

 Metritis was defined as fetid, watery, red-brownish vaginal discharge that occurs ≤21 d in milk.  Milk yield and proportion of cows pregnant were lesser for cows with metritis than for cows without metritis  The proportion of cows leaving the herd was greater for cows with metritis than for cows without metritis.  The mean cost of a case of metritis was $513  Main costs were associated with decreased milk production, reproduction, and survival in the herd.

Answer 320

 It was estimated that approximately 1% of gross milk revenue, equivalent to US$33 per cow, is lost annually in MAP-infected dairy herds, with those losses primarily driven by reduced production

Answer 321

At 5wks carcasse weight was not different for both groups fed high MR rate  Feeding a starter with higher crude protein increased growth of the reticulorumen and liver without affecting empty body weight gain.  Feeding the larger amount of milk replacer with the lower protein starter increased fat content of empty body weight gain after weaning, but the higher crude protein starter resulted in less fat in gain.

Answer 322

 Compared this conventional approach with a feeding protocol that supplemented the diet with chopped straw, diluting the energy density and increasing the physically effective fibre.  Adding straw to the diet of lactating cows reduced feed intake and milk yield and increased the incidence of subclinical ketosis during early lactation.

Answer 323

 Monesin or not monesin bolused, two different dry cow strategies, monesin fed during lactation:  CE = Controlled energy diet throughout the DP  CU = controlled-energy diet from dry-off to 22 d before expected parturition, followed by a moderate-energy close-up diet from d 21 before expected parturition through parturition  Diet had little effect on subsequent lactation performance:  Milk fat and lactose content were greater for cows fed CU than for those fed CE  Lactose content and yield were increased for cows supplemented with MON

Answer 324

 Cows with access to solar shade had similar behaviour characteristics, fly counts, and milk production compared with cows with no access to shade.  Shade cows had lower body temperatures and respiration rates between milking’s at the hottest parts of the day  Incorporating solar photovoltaic into pasture dairy systems may reduce intensity of heat stress in cows.

JDS Feb 23-March 21 GC Flashcards

(349 cards)