JLGMH HEMA ROT Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
jlgmh hematology supervisor
A
evelyn b. samin, rmt
2
Q
section relievers
A
arianna mae ramos, rmt
zarah mirabueno, rmt
3
Q
wbc normal range
A
4.0-10.0 x 10^9/L
4
Q
plt normal range
A
150-350 x 10^9/L
5
Q
rbc normal range
A
4.5-5.9 x 10^9/L
6
Q
hematology specimen
A
edta (purple cap)
7
Q
coagulation specimen
A
citrated (blue cap)
8
Q
esr specimen
A
black/peach cap
9
Q
normal hgb conc
A
12-16 g/dL
120-160 g/L
10
Q
% of blood that is represented by the packed red cells
A
hematocrit
11
Q
normal hct value
A
35-45% vol/vol
12
Q
serum:rbc ratio
A
60% serum
40% rbc
13
Q
normal red cell ct
A
4-5.5 x 10^6/uL
14
Q
mcv normal range
A
78-100 fl
15
Q
mchc normal range
A
31-37 g/dL
16
Q
mch normal range
A
26-32 pg/rbc
17
Q
red cell volume in fl
A
mean cell volume
18
Q
hgb concentration in rbc
A
mean cell hemoglobin concentration
19
Q
hgb content of each rbc
A
mean cell hemoglobin
20
Q
mcv formula
A
hct x 10 / rbc
21
Q
mch formula
A
hgb x 10 / rbc
22
Q
mchc formula
A
hgb x 100 / hct
23
Q
lymphocyte %
A
20-40%
24
Q
lymphocytes with larger cytoplasm and have nucleoli in their nuclei
A
atypical lymphocytes
25
monocyte %
7%
26
wbc that mediates hypersensitivity and is stained by basic dyes
basophils
27
presence of numerous basophilic granules that are dispersed through the cytoplasm of rbcs in a pbs
basophilic stippling/punctate basophilia
28
causes of basophilic stippling
lead poisoning and megaloblastic anemia
29
wbc that mediates allergic reactions and parasites, and is stained by acidic dyes
eosinophils
30
eosinophils + ___ work together to destroy parasites
IgE
31
neutrophils %
55-70%
32
causes of neutropenia
antineoplastic agents, bacterial rickettsia, phenothiazines, phenylbutazone, and allopurinol
33
change in morphology of the nucleus of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which has one or two smooth lobes with thick chromatin
pelger-huet anomaly
34
causes of monocytosis
chronic infxns (tb, brucellosis), rheumatic diseases, and malignant processes
35
causes of eosinophilia
hypersensitivity, parasitic infxns, cancer, and connective tissue disorders
36
causes of basophilia
chronic myelogenous leukemia and other myeloproliferative disorders
37
causes of lymphocytopenia
congenital, corticosteroids, antineoplastic agents, or radiation
38
malignant disorders that affect the blood and blood-forming tissues
leukemia
39
this type of leukemia occurs mostly in children
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
40
4 broad types of leukemia
acute lymphoblastic, acute myelogenous, chronic lymphocytic, and chronic myelogenous
41
marrow that is found in breast bone, skull, vertebrae, ribs, and ends of long bones
red marrow
42
what cells are produced at the red marrow?
wbcs, rbcs, and plts
43
marrow that is made up of mostly fat cells
yellow marrow
44
leukemia that has immature myeloid wbcs with oncogene mutations, single myeloblast, and spontaneous bleeding (both adults and children are affected)
acute myeloid leukemia
45
leukemia that involves myeloid stem cells (rare in children)
chronic myelogenous leukemia
46
leukemia that has immature b or t cells, macrophages, and disturbs marrow function (common in children)
acute lymphocytic leukemia
47
leukemia that involves lymphoid B/T cell and has splenomegaly (common in > 55 y/o)
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
48
variation in RBC shape
poikilocytosis
49
variation in RBC size
anisocytosis
50
rbc that resembles spurs on cowboy boots
acanthocytes (spur/spike cells)
51
acanthocytes are seen in:
post-splenectomy, abetalipoproteinemia, decreased cell membrane cholesterol
52
cigar-shaped rbcs
elliptocytes/ovalocytes
53
elliptocytes are seen in:
ida, thalassemia major, elliptocytosis/ovacolcytosis, megaloblastic anemia
54
rbc that resembles a bulls eye or mexican hats
codocytes/target cells
55
codocytes are seen in:
ida, sickle cell anemia, hemoglobinopathies
56
rbc with slit-like pallors
stomatocyte
57
stomatocytes are seen in:
slight pH change in the environment
58
rbc that resembles teardrops or raindrops
dacrocytes/teardrop cells
59
these are formed due to the removal of a rbc inclusion as it passes through the spleen (pitting)
dacrocytes/teardrop cells
60
dacrocytes are seen in:
myelophthisic anemia, myelofibrosis, thalassemias, organ failure
61
rbc that looks like as if they have a bite taken out of them
degmacytes/bite cells
62
these are formed due to the removal of hemoglobin by the spleen
degmacytes/bite cells
63
degmacytes may be caused by:
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
64
rbc that resembles burrs (similar to acanthocytes, but the spicules are smaller and even)
echinocytes/burr cells
65
echinocytes may be caused by:
blood stayed too long on edta anticoagulant or pathological
66
crescent-shaped rbcs
drepanocytes/sickle cells
67
drepanocytes are seen in:
sickle cell disease, hemoglobin S
68
sphere-shaped rbcs
spherocytes/microcytes
69
true or false. spherocytes are more fragile than normal rbcs
true
70
most common rbc membrane abnormality among caucasians
hereditary spherocytosis
71
rbc that resemble horns
keratocytes (horn cells)
72
rbc that resemble army helmets
schistocytes (helmet cells)
73
rbcs are arranged in rows like "stacked coins" due to an increase in proteins
rouleaux
74
rouleaux is seen in:
multiple myeloma, plasma cell myeloma, cancer, dm, increased globulins, transfusion reaction
75
rbcs stick together in clumps due to agglutinins
rbc agglutination
76
true or false. rbc cytoplasm typically have debris, granules or structures
false. they do not have these normally.
77
these inclusions are remnants of nuclear dna in rbcs (due to abnormal mitosis)
howell-jolly bodies
78
howell-jolly bodies are seen in:
post-splenectomy, hyposplenism, megaloblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia
79
howell-jolly bodies may be a remnant of?
orthochromic normoblast
80
coarse, dust-like dots that represent ribosomes and polyribosomes
basophilic stippling
81
basophilic stippling are seen in:
lead poisoning, sideroblastic anemia, arsenic poisoning, beta and alpha thalassemia
82
abnormal deposition of iron in erythrocytes within the mitochondria (ring around the nucleus)
ringed sideroblasts
83
ringed sideroblasts are seen in:
hemochromatosis, sideroblastic anemia, refractory anemia w/ ringed sideroblasts
84
dark red, hexagonal crystals that are shaped like bacilli rods (washington monument appearance)
hemoglobin c crystals
85
what causes the formation of hemoglobin c crystals?
glutamic substitution for lysine at the 6th position on the beta chain
86
hemoglobin c crystals are seen in:
homozygous hemoglobin c disease
87
hemoglobin c crystals are commonly found with:
target cells and microspherocytes
88
beta globin chains in tetrads
hemoglobin h crystals
89
what stained is used to see hemoglobin h crystals
brilliant cresyl blue
90
hemoglobin h crystals are associated with?
alpha thalassemia
91
referred to as glove cells
hemoglobin sc crystals
92
precipitated, denatured hemoglobin
heinz body
93
what cells serve as evidence that a heinz body had been formed then removed by the spleen?
bite cells
94
heinz bodies are seen in:
nadph deficiency, g6pd deficiency
95
true or false. heinz bodies may only be seen on supravital stains like brilliant cresyl blue or crystal violet.
true
96
dark blue to purple loops, rings or figure-eights found in rbcs
cabot rings
97
cabot rings are remnants of the?
mitotic spindle
98
cabot rings are associated with?
myelodysplastic syndrome, megaloblastic anemia, post splenectomy
99
in vitro phenomenon to platelet morphology, pbs made from edta blood
platelet satellitosis
100
platelets seen in patients with wiskott-aldrich syndrome
microthrombocytes
101
platelet with cytoplasmic vacuolization that is often seen in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes
giant bizarre platelet
102
platelets seen in patients with bernard-soulier syndrome
large platelet
103
patients with may-hegglin anomaly has platelets that exceeds the size of rbcs
giant adendritic platelet
104
the lungs can also produce platelets. true or false?
true
105
platelet lifespan in circulation
5-7 days
106
older platelets are larger than young platelets. true or false?
false. as they age, platelets shrink.
107
increased number of platelets in circulation
thrombocytosis
108
primary cause of thrombocytosis
myeloproliferative neoplasms, polycythemia vera, cml, myelofibrosis
109
secondary causes of thrombocytosis
infection, auto-immune disorders, malignancies
110
decreased number of platelets in circulation
thrombocytopenia
111
causes of thrombocytopenia
aplastic anemia, pnh, chemotherapy, leukemia, b12 deficiency, hiv
112
platelets that are larger than rbcs
giant platelets
113
factitious cause of thrombocytopenia
platelet clumping
114
blue top tube anticoagulant
3.2% sodium citrate
115
platelet count normal value:
150,000-300,000/uL
116
test that is done to assess platelet function. the time it takes for a skin wound to stop bleeding.
bleeding time
117
bleeding time normal value:
< 6 minutes
118
test that is done to diagnose hemophilia. the time it takes for blood to form a clot.
clotting time
119
clotting time normal value:
2 - 6 minutes
120
test that is done to evaluate the level and function of fibrinogen.
thrombin time
121
thrombin time normal value:
12 - 14 seconds
122
monitors warfarin, evaluation of vitamin k deficiency, and assessment of liver failure
prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (pt/inr)
123
monitors heparin, assessment of clotting factor function in hemophilia and von willebrand disease
partial thromboplastin time (ptt)
124
test for abnormal bleeding or patient is at risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation
both pt/inr and ptt
125
factor i
fibrinogen
126
factor ii
prothrombin
127
factor iii
tissue factor
128
factor iv
calcium ions
129
factor v
labile factor
130
factor vii
stable factor
131
factor viii
antihemophilic factor
132
vwf
von willebrand factor
133
factor ix
christmas factor
134
factor x
stuart-prower factor
135
factor xi
plasma thromboplastin antecedent
136
factor xii
hageman factor
137
prekallikrein
fletcher, pre-K
138
high molecular weight kininogen
fitzgerald factor, hmwk
139
factor xiii
fibrin-stabilizing factor
140
platelet factor 3
phospholipids
141
coagulation analyzer in the video:
kinghawk khb-202
142
prothrombin time reagent in khb-202
phospholastin rl reagent
143
activated partial thromboplastin time reagent in khb-202
calcium chloride
144
hematocrit is also known as
packed cell volume
145
hematocrit normal values per gender:
male: 0.40-0.50
female: 0.30-0.40
146
low hematocrit indications
overhydration, hemorrhage, renal diseases, pernicious anemia, hemolysis, autoimmune diseases
147
high hematocrit indications
dehydration, erythrocytosis, polycythemia vera, hemochromatosis, high epo
148
microhematocrit samples
fresh blood or edta/heparin blood
149
microhematocrit centrifugal force
10,000-15,000 for 30 seconds
150
microhematocrit should be performed within:
10 minutes
151
spun hematocrit limitation
1.5-3.0% higher due to plasma trapped in rbc layer
152
hemoglobin normal value per gender:
male: 140-180
female: 120-150
153
visual hgb methods:
```
sahli acid hematin
tallqvst hgb chart
who hgb color scale
oxyhemoglobin
sg method
```
154
photoelectric hgb methods:
cyanmethemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin
alkaline hematin
155
measurement of light scattered by particles and fluorescence observed when these particles are passed in a steam through a laser beam
flow cytometry
156
true or false. flow cytometry provides a rapid analysis of cells.
true
157
properties that a flow cytometry can measure:
size, granularity or complexity, and fluorescence intensity
