John Locke - Liberalism Flashcards
(8 cards)
What did Locke believe about human nature?
Humans are rational, reasonable and self-interested, but capable of cooperation. Believed people are morally equal and possess natural rights to life, liberty and property. Optimistic that humans can govern themselves without needing absolute power.
Fits democratic values today — citizens are expected to act rationally and participate. Critics say it’s too optimistic — ignores inequality or irrational political behaviour.
What was Locke’s view of the state?
Argued for a minimal state created by consent of the governed via a social contract. State exists to protect natural rights, not control them. If government violates rights, citizens have the right to rebel.
Strong influence on modern liberal democracies and constitutions. Still debated today — where should the line be between freedom and state control?
What was Locke’s view of society and authority?
Society is based on voluntary cooperation, not divine rule or inherited power. Authority must be limited, accountable, and justified by the rule of law. Opposed absolute monarchy — believed in constitutional government.
Matches ideas behind constitutional checks and balances today. Some argue authority needs stronger enforcement to manage complex societies.
What did Locke believe about the economy and private property?
Strongly defended the right to private property as a natural extension of labour. Believed economic freedom encourages personal responsibility and independence. State should protect property, not interfere in markets.
Foundation of capitalist systems today. Critics say it underpins modern inequality and ignores the need for redistribution.
How did Locke view freedom and rights?
Believed in negative freedom: freedom from interference by others or the state. All individuals are born with natural rights that can’t be taken away. Law exists to protect freedom, not restrict it.
Reflected in modern human rights law and classical liberal thought. Today’s liberals argue more is needed than just ‘freedom from’ — e.g. economic rights.
What did Locke believe about equality and class?
Believed in equality of legal status and rights, not economic or social equality. Thought meritocracy and property ownership created a natural hierarchy. Didn’t aim to eliminate class, just ensure fair opportunity.
Still used to defend individual rights and equal treatment in law. But criticised by socialists and modern liberals for not addressing economic inequality.
What was Locke’s view of tradition and social change?
Wasn’t against tradition but believed reason and liberty should guide change. Supported reform through rational debate, not revolution. Believed in gradual progress, especially through law and limited government.
Matches democratic reform and legal evolution today. Revolutionaries argue it’s too slow to address urgent injustices.
What did Locke believe about power and authority?
Power should be divided and accountable to prevent tyranny. Advocated constitutionalism, rule of law, and checks and balances. Authority only legitimate if based on popular consent.
Deeply embedded in modern liberal democracies. Some critics say consent is a fiction in unequal or manipulated societies.
