Thomas Hobbes - Conservatism

Question 1

Human Nature

Answer 1

Humans are naturally self-interested and driven by fear, especially fear of death. Without control, humans live in a state of nature, which is ‘solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.’ People are rational enough to seek peace and security through a social contract.

Hobbes’s pessimistic view explains the need for strong government to maintain order in today’s unstable world. Critics argue this underestimates human cooperation and altruism.

Question 2

The State

Answer 2

The state must have absolute authority to prevent chaos and violence. This authority comes from a social contract where individuals give up some freedoms for security. The sovereign’s power is indivisible and unlimited for effective governance.

Justifies strong, centralised governments and law enforcement today. Seen as too authoritarian by liberals who fear tyranny.

Question 3

Society and Authority

Answer 3

Society needs a powerful ruler or government to enforce laws and maintain peace. Authority is essential and should not be challenged once established. Without authority, society would revert to the anarchic state of nature.

Supports respect for established laws and governments in modern states. Critics warn it can justify oppressive regimes.

Question 4

Economy and Property

Answer 4

Property rights exist only by social agreement under the sovereign’s authority. Economic activity requires order and security guaranteed by the state. Without a strong state, property and wealth cannot be protected.

Explains why modern economies rely on stable governments and legal systems. Seen as limited by those who stress natural rights to property.

Question 5

Freedom and Rights

Answer 5

Freedom is limited to what the sovereign allows to ensure peace. Individual rights are not absolute but granted by the state. Security and order take precedence over personal liberty.

Reflects ongoing debates about balancing security and liberty in today’s society. Opposed by those advocating inalienable human rights.

Question 6

Equality and Class

Answer 6

In the state of nature, all humans are roughly equal in ability to harm each other. Inequality arises through social contracts and the power of the sovereign. Social hierarchy is necessary for maintaining order.

Helps explain acceptance of social hierarchies and rule of law. Critics argue it neglects natural social inequalities.

Question 7

Tradition and Change

Answer 7

Tradition is less important than order and stability. Change should be avoided if it threatens peace. The sovereign’s authority is central to preventing disorder.

Used to support conservative caution about rapid reforms. Sometimes seen as too rigid for democratic societies.

Question 8

Power and Authority

Answer 8

Power must be absolute to be effective. Authority should be respected and not questioned to avoid chaos. The sovereign is the ultimate source of law and order.

Influences modern ideas about the necessity of law and order. Criticised for potential to justify authoritarianism.