Joints Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
What is a joint?
A
A joint, also called an articulation, is any place where adjacent bones and cartilage come together to form a connection.
2
Q
How are joints classified?
A
Joints are classified both structurally and functionally.
3
Q
What is the structural classification of joints based on?
A
Whether the articulating surfaces are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether they contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity.
4
Q
What are the three structural classifications of joints?
A
- Fibrous joints
- Cartilaginous joints
- Synovial joints
5
Q
What type of joint allows for free movement?
A
Synovial joints.
6
Q
How are joints functionally classified?
A
By the amount of mobility found between the adjacent bones.
7
Q
List the functional classifications of joints.
A
- Synarthrosis - immobile joint
- Amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable joint
- Diarthrosis - freely moveable joint
8
Q
What is a synarthrosis joint?
A
An immobile or nearly immobile joint.
9
Q
Give examples of synarthrosis joints.
A
- Sutures
- Manubriosternal joint
10
Q
What is an amphiarthrosis joint?
A
A joint that has limited mobility.
11
Q
Provide examples of amphiarthrosis joints.
A
- Intervertebral discs
- Pubic symphysis
12
Q
What is a diarthrosis joint?
A
A freely mobile joint.
13
Q
Where are most diarthrotic joints found?
A
In the appendicular skeleton.
14
Q
How are diarthroses classified?
A
- Uniaxial
- Biaxial
- Multiaxial
15
Q
What is an example of a uniaxial joint?
A
The elbow joint.
16
Q
What is an example of a biaxial joint?
A
Metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckle joint).
17
Q
Give examples of multiaxial joints.
A
- Shoulder joint
- Hip joint
18
Q
What is a fibrous joint?
A
A joint where the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue.
19
Q
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
A
- Sutures
- Syndesmosis
- Gomphosis
20
Q
What are sutures?
A
Fibrous joints that join most bones of the skull.
21
Q
What is a syndesmosis?
A
A type of fibrous joint in which two parallel bones are united by fibrous connective tissue.
22
Q
What is a gomphosis?
A
A specialized fibrous joint that anchors a tooth to its socket in the jaw.
23
Q
What are fontanelles?
A
Broad areas of connective tissue found in newborns and infants between skull bones.
24
Q
What is synostosis?
A
Fusion between bones.
25
What is the function of fontanelles?
* Provide flexibility during birth
* Allow for rapid growth of the skull
26
What is fibrocartilage?
A type of cartilage that is strong due to numerous bundles of thick collagen fibers.
27
What is a symphysis?
A cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by fibrocartilage.
28
What is a synchondrosis?
A cartilaginous joint where bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage.
29
Is a synchondrosis temporary or permanent?
It can be either temporary or permanent.
30
What type of joint is classified as a diarthrosis?
Synovial joints.
31
What is the key structural characteristic of synovial joints?
The presence of a joint cavity.
32
What prevents friction in synovial joints?
Articular cartilage.
33
What is synovial fluid?
A thick, slimy fluid that provides lubrication and nourishment to articular cartilage.
34
What is a tendon?
Dense connective tissue structure that attaches a muscle to bone.
35
What is a bursa?
A thin connective tissue sac filled with lubricating liquid.
36
How are bursae classified?
* Subcutaneous bursa
* Submuscular bursa
* Subtendinous bursa
37
What is the function of bursae?
Bursae reduce friction by separating adjacent structures, preventing them from rubbing directly against each other.
38
How are bursae classified?
Bursae are classified by their location:
* Subcutaneous bursa
* Submuscular bursa
* Subtendinous bursa
39
Where is the subcutaneous bursa located?
Located between the skin and an underlying bone.
40
What is the function of the subcutaneous bursa?
It allows skin to move smoothly over the bone.
41
Give an example of a subcutaneous bursa.
Examples include the prepatellar bursa located over the kneecap and the olecranon bursa at the tip of the elbow.
42
Where is the submuscular bursa found?
Found between a muscle and an underlying bone, or between adjacent muscles.
43
What is the function of the submuscular bursa?
Prevent rubbing of the muscle during movements.
44
Give an example of a submuscular bursa.
The trochanteric bursa found at the lateral hip.
45
Where is the subtendinous bursa located?
Found between a tendon and a bone.
46
Give an example of a subtendinous bursa.
Examples include the subacromial bursa and the suprapatellar bursa.
47
Define tendon sheath.
A connective tissue sac that surrounds a muscle tendon at places where the tendon crosses a joint.
48
What is bursitis?
The inflammation of a bursa near a joint.
49
What are common symptoms of bursitis?
Pain, swelling, tenderness of the bursa and surrounding area, and may result in joint stiffness.
50
What can cause bursitis?
Muscle overuse, trauma, excessive pressure, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or infection.
51
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
* Pivot
* Hinge
* Condyloid
* Saddle
* Plane
* Ball-and-socket
52
What is the function of pivot joints?
Allow for rotation around an axis.
53
Give an example of a hinge joint.
The elbow joint.
54
What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?
A condyloid joint.
55
What is circumduction?
The movement of a body region in a circular manner.
56
What does lateral flexion of the vertebral column entail?
Bending the neck or trunk toward the right or left side.
57
What is hyperextension?
Abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion.
58
What is abduction?
Moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body.
59
What is adduction?
Brings the limb toward the body or across the midline.
60
What is the difference between supination and pronation?
Supination is palm facing up; pronation is palm facing down.
61
What is dorsiflexion?
Flexing the foot upward.
62
What is plantar flexion?
Pointing the toes downward.
63
What are inversion and eversion?
Inversion turns the foot toward the midline; eversion turns it away.
64
What is protraction?
Moving the scapula or mandible forward.
65
What is retraction?
Pulling the scapula or mandible backward.
66
What is the significance of superior rotation of the scapula?
Contributes to upper limb abduction.
67
What is opposition in relation to the thumb?
Movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger.
68
What is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
The joint that allows opening and closing of the mouth.
69
What is TMJ disorder?
A painful condition that may arise from various factors affecting the jaw joint.
70
What is the shoulder joint called?
The glenohumeral joint.
71
What joint has the largest range of motion?
The glenohumeral joint.
72
What is a common cause of shoulder joint injuries?
Repetitive use of the upper limb.
73
What can lead to acute or chronic inflammation of the bursae or muscle tendons in the shoulder?
Overuse of the upper limb, particularly in abduction during activities like throwing, swimming, or racquet sports.
## Footnote
This may also include tears of the glenoid labrum or degeneration of the rotator cuff.
74
In which direction do most dislocations of the humerus occur?
Inferior direction.
## Footnote
This is due to strong support from surrounding muscles and ligaments.
75
What condition can result from adhesive capsulitis?
Frozen shoulder.
## Footnote
This condition reduces shoulder mobility due to scar tissue formation.
76
What type of joint is the elbow?
Hinge joint.
## Footnote
It allows only for flexion and extension of the forearm.
77
What ligaments support the elbow?
Ulnar and radial collateral ligaments.
78
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Multiaxial ball-and-socket joint.
79
What does the hip joint consist of?
Head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone.
80
Why does the hip require strength and stability?
It carries the weight of the body during standing and walking.
81
What is the socket portion of the hip joint called?
Acetabulum.
82
What was the first joint to have a replacement prosthesis developed?
Hip joint.
83
What is a common injury in elderly individuals related to the hip?
Broken hip (fracture of the femoral neck).
84
What is the typical treatment for femoral fractures?
Usually requires surgical treatment followed by mobility assistance.
## Footnote
Associated health care costs are substantial, and complications may arise from prolonged bed rest.
85
What is the largest joint in the body?
Knee joint.
86
How many articulations does the knee joint consist of?
Three articulations.
87
What do the medial and lateral menisci provide?
Padding and support between the femoral condyles and tibial condyles.
88
What injuries can result from a strong blow to the lateral side of the extended knee?
Tearing of the tibial collateral ligament, damage to the medial meniscus, rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament.
89
What joint forms the ankle?
Talocrural joint.
90
What type of joint is the talocrural joint?
Uniaxial hinge joint.
91
What movements does the talocrural joint allow?
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot.
92
What movements do the subtalar joint and intertarsal joints enable?
Eversion and inversion movements of the foot.
93
What is the most frequently injured joint in the body?
Ankle joint.
94
What is a sprain?
The stretching or tearing of supporting ligaments.
95
How can most ankle sprains be treated?
Using the RICE technique: Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation.
## Footnote
More severe injuries may require surgery.
96
What embryonic tissue gives rise to all bones, cartilages, and connective tissues?
Mesenchyme.
97
Through what process do the bones that form the base and facial regions of the skull develop?
Endochondral ossification.
98
What is the basic process of endochondral ossification?
Mesenchyme differentiates into hyaline cartilage, forming a model for future bone, which is later replaced by bone.
99
When do limb buds appear on the sides of the embryo?
Around the end of the 4th week of embryonic development.
100
What begins to differentiate within the limb bud starting during the 6th week?
Mesenchyme into hyaline cartilage models for future bones.
101
Where do synovial joints form during development?
In the joint interzone between adjacent cartilage models.
102
When does the process of endochondral ossification begin?
By the 12th week of embryonic development.
103
What hyaline cartilage remains after birth?
Hyaline cartilage of the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage.
