Joints

Question 1

Functional joint classifications include ____ (little movement allowed), _____ (moderate movement allowed), and ____ (freely moving).

Answer 1

Little movement = synarthrodial; moderate movement = amphiarthrodial; freely moving = diarthrodial

Question 2

Structural joint classifications include ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 2

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Question 3

Fibrous joints are held together by ____.

Answer 3

Connective tissue

Question 4

Suture joints are a type of ___ joint, are found in the _____, and are held together by ____.

Answer 4

Fibrous joint; found in the skull, held together by dense collagen fibers; NO movement.

Question 5

Interosseous membranes (e.g. between radius and ulna) are considered ____ joints.

Answer 5

Syndesmosis fibrous joints; no joint capsule/cavity, just connective tissue; SLIGHT movement.

Question 6

A third type of fibrous joint is _____, which describes the fibrous connection between the teeth and the bones of the jaw.

Answer 6

Gomphosis; NO movement

Question 7

Cartilaginous joints [have/do not have] a joint capsule and are classified as ____ or ____ joints. They have ____ movement compared to synovial joints.

Answer 7

Cartilaginous joints do NOT have a joint capsule. Symphysis or synchondrosis. They have some movement, but not as much as synovial joints.

Question 8

Symphysis joints are _____ joints in which two bones are connected by _____.

Answer 8

CARTILAGINOUS joints connected by a pad of Fiber cartilage [fibrocartilage] (e.g. pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs). LIMITED movement.

Question 9

In synchondrosis joints, bones are held together by ____ cartilage.

Answer 9

Hyline cartilage (e.g. epiphyseal plate [growth plate in developing bone where new bone is adding to lengthen], and costo-chondral joints [rib-sternum articulation]; NO movement

Question 10

3 types of fibrous joints are ___, ___, and ___. All fibrous joints [have/do not have] a joint capsule/cavity and are made of _____.

Answer 10

Suture (skull), Syndesmosis (interosseous ligaments between radius & ulna), and Gomphosis (tooth root). All fibrous joints made up of DENSE REGULAR (FIBROUS) CONNECTIVE TISSUE and DO NOT HAVE a joint capsule.

Question 11

2 types of cartilaginous joints are ___ and ___. These joints are bound by ____ and [have/do not have] a joint capsule/cavity.

Answer 11

Symphysis (pad of fibrocartilage) and Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage). Bound by CARTILAGE and DO NOT HAVE a joint cavity/capsule.

Question 12

Name the 6 synovial joints. Bones in synovial joints are bound by ____ and the joint [has/does not have] a joint capsule.

Answer 12

Hinge, Pivot, Plane, Condyloid, Saddle, Ball & Socket. Bones bound by LIGAMENTS and joint HAS a joint capsule.

Question 13

In synovial joints, the joint capsule consists of ___ layers. The ____ layer is called the ______ and helps to ____. The inner lining is called the ____. It produces ___ to help ____.

Answer 13

Joint capsule = 2 layers. OUTER layer = FIBROELASTIC JOINT CAPSULE, helps to hold bones together, strengthen joint. Inner lining is SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE. Produces thin viscous synovial fluid to help lubricate joint.

Question 14

Synovial joints are generally lined with ___ (usually ____) cartilage. Why does arthritis hurt?

Answer 14

Lined with articular (generally hyaline) cartilage. Cartilage doesn’t have any innervation, but bone on bone (which are innervated) generates pain.

Question 15

Synovial joint capsule: Innervation? Vasularized?

Answer 15

Fibrous capsule is innervated for proprioception and general sensation (pain). YES vascularized; blood vessels run between synovial membrane and fibrous capsule.

Question 16

Will trauma to the synovial joint capsule hurt? Why?

Answer 16

YES, because capsule is innervated and there is a blood supply that runs between the two layers.

Question 17

What is the function of bursas within a joint? Where are they within the joint structure? AKA ___?

Answer 17

Reduce friction within joint. Most often between bone and tendon. AKA synovial sac. Inflammation = bursitis

Question 18

Hinge Joint: A) Degrees of freedom, B) Example, C) Bone surfaces

Answer 18

A) 1, B) ulna at elbow (flexion/extension at hinge), proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of fingers, C) Surface of bone is concave other is convex
*Most common synovial joint

Question 19

Pivot Joint: A) Degrees of freedom, B) Example, C) Bone surfaces

Answer 19

A) 1, B) C1 around C2 [sticks up and articulates with C1 –> 45 degrees of max 90 deg. head rotation comes from this joint], C) Rotation about central axis, one bone is conical shaped fits in depression of another bone

Question 20

Plane Joint: A) Degrees of Freedom, B) Example, C) Bone surfaces

Answer 20

A) 3 (flex/extend, side bend, rotate), B) Facet joints in vertebral column [slightly concave to convex surfaces but basically flat], C) Articulating surfaces are flat

Question 21

Condyloid Joint: A) Degrees of Freedom, B) Example, C) Bone surfaces

Answer 21

A) 2*, B) Metacarpal-phalangeal joint [MCP joint] –> allows flexion/extension, ab and adduction, C) One bone surface is oval and convex, other is concave

Question 22

Saddle: A) Degrees of Freedom, B) Example, C) Bone surfaces

Answer 22

A) 3, B) Carpo-metacarpal joint (base of thumb) –> allows thumb to ab and adduct, flex and extend, and do the combined movement of opposition. C) Each bone has a concave surface in one direction and a convex surface in another

*There is debate about whether it is 2 or 3 degrees of freedom because it is unsure if thumb opposition (reach cross palm toward pinky) is a combination movement or counts as another direction

Question 23

Ball & Socket: A) Degrees of Freedom, B) Example, C) Bone surfaces

Answer 23

A) 3, B) shoulder (glenohumeral) and hip , C) one bone has rounded convex surface (“ball”) and the other has a cuplike cavity (“Socket”)

Question 24

Name, describe, and give example movements for each of the three types of muscle contractions.

Answer 24

Isometric - length remains constant, maintains tension

Concentric - shortens muscle (recall gliding filament theory) (going up stairs)

Eccentric - controlled lengthening under gravity (stance leg going down stairs)

Question 25

Name the two types of muscle fiber structures.

Answer 25

PARALLEL fiber arrangement and PENNATE fiber arrangement.

Parallel - muscle shortens in the direction of the line of the muscle fibers. Use: longer excursion, faster muscle contraction

Pennate = fibers at an oblique angle to direction of shortening muscle. Use: short excursion contraction

Question 26

Subtypes of pennate muscles are:

Answer 26

Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

Question 27

What is the kinematic chain?

Answer 27

Series of segments (bones) that are interconnected by links (joints). There are 2 types of kinematic chains: open and closed.

Question 28

Describe the open kinetic chain.

Answer 28

The options for movement are greater. Distal end is NOT fixed so the chain is freely moveable. SO, movement at one link does not determine movement at other segments. E.g. flexion/extension at knee doesn’t drive what hip is doing (think Irish step dancing!)

Question 29

Describe the closed kinetic chain.

Answer 29

The option for movement is restricted. Segments are closed or fixed at the distal end of the chain, so movement at one link produces predictable movement in other segments. (e.g. wall push ups: as you go into more elbow flexion, you also go into more shoulder horizontal abduction; eg2. air squat: at some point in knee flexion, you’ll be forced into dorsiflexion and hip flexion at ankle and hip respectively)

Question 30

Describe active verses passive range of motion.

Answer 30

Active = Patient actively performs the movement.
Passive = patient is passive and therapist performs movement.

Question 31

Inversion of the foot looks like…

Answer 31

Sickling. Move sole of foot inward or medially.

Question 32

What is an accessory movement?

Answer 32

A component of a physiologic movement that cannot be performed voluntarily in isolation. E.g. downward glide of humerus during shoulder flexion and/or abduction

Question 33

The MCP joint rotates slightly in a tight grasp of the hand. What is this movement called?

Answer 33

An accessory movement

Question 34

If you fall forward and catch yourself on the palms of your hands, your wrists are in [flexion/extension].

Answer 34

EXTENSION. Hand flip = flexion