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BIOL 1593 Midterm 2 > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Fibrous joints

A

There is no synovial cavity and the bones are held together by dense irregular CT that is rich in collagen fibers.

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2
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

There is no synovial cavity and the bones are held together by cartilage.

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3
Q

Synovial joints

A

The bones forming the joint have a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular CT of an articular capsule, and often by accessory ligaments.

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4
Q

At a __ joint, the bones are held together by dense irregular CT.

A

Fibrous

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5
Q

Functionally, why are sutures in an adult skull classified as synarthroses and syndesmoses other than gomphoses classified as amphiarthroses?

A

Because they are immovable; syndesmoses other than gomphoses are classified as amphiarthroses because they are slightly moveable.

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6
Q

At a __ joint, the bones are held firmly together by cartilage.

A

Cartilaginous

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7
Q

What is the structural difference among a synchondrosis, symphysis, and epiphyseal cartilage?

A

Hyaline cart. holds a synchondrosis together, fibrocartilage hold a symphysis together, and epiphyseal cartilage is a growth centre between the diaphysis and epiphysis of a growing long bone.

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8
Q

The distinguishing feature of a synovial joints is the __ __ between the articulating bones.

A

Synovial joint

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9
Q

What is the functional classification of synovial joints?

A

They are diarthroses, freely moveable joints.

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10
Q

__ movements consist of side to side and back and forth motions.

A

Gliding

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11
Q

What are 2 examples of joints that permit gliding movements?

A

The intercarpal joints and intertarsal joints

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12
Q

In __ movements, there is an increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones.

A

Angular

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13
Q

Articulating

A

When two bones form a joint

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14
Q

What prevents hyperextension at some synovial joints?

A

The arrangement of ligaments and bones

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15
Q

__ and __ usually occur along the frontal plane.

A

Abduction and adduction

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16
Q

One way to remember adduction means is use of the phrase “adding your limb to your trunk”. Why is this effective?

A

When you adduct your arm or leg, you bring it closer to the midline of the body, this adding it to the trunk

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17
Q

__ is the movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle.

A

Circumduction

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18
Q

List 2 joints where circumduction occurs.

A

The shoulder joint and the hip joint

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19
Q

In __, a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.

A

Rotation

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20
Q

How do medial and lateral rotation differ?

A

The anterior surface of a bone or limb rotates toward the midline in medial rotation, and away from the midline in lateral rotation.

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21
Q

__ movements occur only at certain synovial joints.

A

Special

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22
Q

What movement of the shoulder girdle is involved in bringing the arms forward until the elbows touch?

A

Protraction

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23
Q

__ joints are classified into 2 types on the basis of the shapes of the articulating bone surfaces.

A

Synovial

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24
Q

Which joints permit the greatest range of motion?

A

Ball and socket joints

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25
The __ joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body.
Knee
26
What are the 10 main structures of the knee joint? HINT: articular people often act tough by fibbing and posting many beautiful things.
Articular capsule, patellar ligament, oblique popliteal ligament, arcuate popliteal ligament, tibial callateral ligament, fibular collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament ACL, posterior cruciate ligament PCL, menisci, bursae
27
Articulation
Is the point of contact between bone, bone cartilage, or bone and teeth. When one bone articulates with another = the 2 bones form a joint.
28
Structural classification is based in the presence or absence of a __ __ and the type of connecting tissue.
Synovial cavity (joint)
29
Structurally, joints are classified as __, __, or __.
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
30
The function and classification of joints is based on the degree of movement permitted from __ to __ moveable.
None; freely
31
Compare and contrast the terms synarthroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses.
``` Synarthroses = immoveable Amphiarthroses = partially moveable Diarthroses = freely moveable ```
32
Name the 3 types of fibrous joints.
Sutures, syndesmoses and interosseous membrane
33
Fibrous joints __ a synovial cavity, their articulating bones are held together by __ CT, and they permit little or no movement.
Lacks; fibrous
34
A suture
A fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense fibrous CT that unites skull bones.
35
A syndesmosis (ses)
Is a fibrous joint that has more fibrous CT than in a suture.
36
An interosseous membrane
Is a sheet of dense irregular CT joining 2 long bones (radius and ulna)
37
Name 2 types of cartilaginous joints
Synchondrosis (ses) | Symphysis (ses)
38
A cartilaginous joint __ a synovial cavity; it's articulating bones are connected by either __ or __ __; and it allows little to no __.
Lacks; fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage; movement
39
A synchondrosis
Is a cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage.
40
A symphysis
Is a cartilaginous joint in which connecting material is a disc of fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis)
41
Describe a typical synovial joint.
A synovial joint (diarthrosis) has a synovial cavity between the articulating bones; this joint is freely moveable.
42
__ __ covers the bones at synovial joints.
Articular cartilage
43
__ __ reduces friction at the joint during movement and helps absorb shock.
Articular cartilage
44
The __ __ surrounds a diarthrosis, encloses the synovial cavity and unites the articulating bones.
Articular capsule
45
The articular capsule is composed of 2 layers:
The outer fibrous capsule that may contain ligaments and the inner synovial membrane that secretes a lubricating and joint nourishing synovial fluid.
46
The __ of the fibrous capsule permits considerable movement at a joint, whereas, it's great __ __ helps to prevent bones from dislocating.
Flexibility; tensile strength
47
__ __, secreted by the synovial membrane, lubricates and reduces friction in the joint and supplies nutrients to, and removes __ wastes from the joint.
Synovial fluid; metabolic
48
__ help hold bone to bone.
Ligaments
49
__ discs modify the shape of the joint surfaces of the __ bones, help maintain the stability of the joint, and direct the flow of synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction.
Articular; articulating
50
__ that supple a joint are the same as those that supply the skeletal muscles that move the joint.
Nerves
51
A sprain
Is the forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint that stretches or tears it's ligaments but does not dislocate the bone.
52
A strain
Is a stretched or partially torn muscle
53
List the types of movements allowed by synovial joints
Gliding, angular, rotation, and special movement
54
Gliding movements
Occur when relatively flat bone surfaces move back and forth and form side to side with respect to one another.
55
Angular movements
Invoice and increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones, and can include the following types: extension and hyperextension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction.
56
Rotation
Involves a bone revolving around its own longitudinal axis.
57
Special movement
Occurs only at special joints
58
List the special movements that can occur at some joints:
Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsification, plantar flexion, supination, pronation and opposition.
59
Elevation
An upward movement of a part of the body
60
Depression
Is a downward movement of the body
61
Protraction
Is a movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane.
62
Retraction
Is a movement of a protracted part back to the anatomical position
63
Inversion
Is movement of the soles medially at the intertarsal joints so that they face eachother
64
Eversion
Is a movement of the soles laterally at the intertarsal joints so that they face away from each other
65
Dorsification
Refers to the bending of the foot at the ankle in the direction of the superior surface
66
Plantar flexion
Involves the bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the plantar surface
67
Supination
Is a movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the palm is turned anteriorly or superiorly
68
Pronation
Is a movement at the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over at the distal end it the ulna, and the palm is turned posteriorly or inferiorly
69
Describe the 6 subtypes of synovial joints
``` Plantar joints Hinge joint Pivot joint Ellipsodial joint Saddle joint Ball and socket joint ```
70
Plantar joints
Permit mainly side to side and back and forth gliding movements
71
Hinge joint
The convex surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another bone
72
Pivot joint
A round or pointed surface of one bone fits into a ring formed by another bone and a ligament
73
Ellipsodial joint
An oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone
74
Saddle joint
Includes 1 bone whose articular surface is saddle shaped and another bone whose articular surface is shaped like a rider sitting in the saddle
75
Ball and socket joint
The ball shaped surface of one bone fits into the cuplike depression of another
76
Knee joint: is strengthened by muscle tendons surround the joint.
The articular capsule
77
Knee joint: extends from the patella to the tibia and strengthens the anterior surface of the joint.
Patellar ligament
78
Knee joint: strengthens the posterior surface of the joint.
Oblique popliteal ligament
79
Knee joint: strengthens the lower lateral part of the posterior surface of the joint.
Arcuate popliteal ligament
80
Knee joint: strengthens the medial aspect of the joint
Tibial (medial) collateral ligament
81
Knee joint: strengthens the lateral aspect of the joint
The fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
82
Knee joint: extends posteriorly and laterally from the tibia to the femur.
The ACL - anterior cruciate ligament
83
Knee joint: extends anteriorly and medially from the tibia to the femur
PCL - posterior cruciate ligament
84
Knee joint: fibrocartilage discs between the tibial and femoral condyles, help compensate for the irregular shapes of the articulating bones and circulate synovial fluid
The menisci
85
Knee joint: saclike structures filled with fluid, help reduce friction
Bursae
86
In a total knee replacement, damaged __ is removed from the femur, tibia and patella and replaced with artificial components.
Cartilage
87
Sprains should be treated by the acronym PRICE:
``` Protection Rest Ice Compression Elevation ```

BIOL 1593 Midterm 2 (10 decks)

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