Joints

Question 1

Structural classifications of joints (3)

Answer 1

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 2

Functional categories of joints (3)

Answer 2

Synathroses (immovable)
Amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
Diarthroses (Freely movable)

Question 3

Fibrous joints

Answer 3

Two bones united by fibrous connective tissue.

No joint cavity; little to no movement

Question 4

3 classes of fibrous joint

Answer 4

Sutures
syndesmoses
gomphoses

Question 5

Sutures

Answer 5

Seams found only between bones of skull

Question 6

Sutural ligament

Answer 6

Two layers of periosteum plus dense fibrous connective tissues in a suture

Question 7

Fontanel

Answer 7

Membranous joint area in newborn

Question 8

Synotosis

Answer 8

A fully ossified suture

two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone

Question 9

Syndesmoses

Answer 9

Slightly movable type of fibrous joint
Bones are further apart than a suture and are joined by ligaments
EG - radioulnar syndesmosis

Question 10

Gomphoses

Answer 10

Specialized joints of pegs that fit into sockets; held in place by collagenous connective tissue

Only ones in the human body are between teeth and sockets (alveoli) of the mandible and maxillae

Question 11

Periodontal ligaments

Answer 11

Connective tissue bundles between teeth and sockets
allow “give” to teeth during mastication

Also allows tooth realignment with braces

Question 12

Gingivitis

Answer 12

inflammation of the gingiva (gums) caused by bacterial infection

can spread to tooth socket and cause loss of tooth

Question 13

Cartilaginous joints (2)

Answer 13

Unite two bones by cartilage

Connection can be hyaline or fibrocartilage

Question 14

Synchondrosis

Answer 14

Joints with hyaline cartilage
Little or no movement occurs
Most synchondroses are temporary

Question 15

Joint type of epiphyseal plates

Answer 15

synchondroses

Question 16

Symphysis

Answer 16

Fibrocartilage uniting two bones
Eg - manubrium and body of sternum, symphysis pubis, intervertebral disks
Slightly moveable

Question 17

Synovial joints

Answer 17

Fluid joints that allow considerable movement between articulating bones

Question 18

Articular cartilage

Answer 18

Covers surfaces of bones within synovial joints

Provides smooth surfaces where the bones meet

Question 19

Articular disk / Meniscus

Answer 19

flat pad of fibrocartilage that lies between articular cartilages of bones

Question 20

Joints with menisci

Answer 20

Knee

Writes

Question 21

Meniscus

Answer 21

A type of articular disk

Only partially spans synovial cavity, creating an opening in the center

Question 22

Joint capsule - purpose & two layers

Answer 22

Purpose - surround joint cavity to hold bones together and allow for movement
Fibrous capsule (outer layer) and inner synovial membrane (inner layer)

Question 23

Fibrous capsule

Answer 23

the outer layer of the joint capsule

Dense irregular connective tissue; continuous with the fibrous later of periosteum

Question 24

Synovial membrane

Answer 24

the inner layer of the joint capsule

produce synovial fluid

Question 25

Fat pad

Answer 25

adipose tissue between the fibrous capsule and synovial membrane to protect articular cartilage Found in elbow and knee

Question 26

Synovial fluid composition

Answer 26

polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, cells from the blood fluid

Question 27

Bursa

Answer 27

A pocket or sac where the synovial membrane extends

Question 28

Bursitis

Answer 28

Inflammation of teh bursa - can cause pain around joint and restrict movement

Question 29

6 Types of synovial joints

Answer 29

``` plane saddle hinge pivot ball-and-socket ellipsoid ```

Question 30

3 types of movement at synovial joints

Answer 30

Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial

Question 31

Plane joint - definition, type of movement, example

Answer 31

(gliding joint) - two flat bone surfaces where a gliding motion can occur Uniaxial EG - articular processes between vertebrae

Question 32

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 32

connective tissue disorder | the joint capsule is thickened and destroys articular cartilage

Question 33

Saddle joint - definition, type of movement, example

Answer 33

saddle-shaped surfaces @ right angles Biaxial carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Question 34

Hinge joint - definition, type of movement, example

Answer 34

Confex cylinder applied to concavity in other bone Uniaxial Elbow and knee

Question 35

Pivot joint - definition, type of movement, example

Answer 35

The movement to rotation around a single axis Uniaxial Head of the radius and the proximal end of ulna; dens process and atlas

Question 36

Ball-and-socket joint - definition, type of movement, example

Answer 36

Head of one bone (ball) and socket in adjacent bone Multiaxial Shoulder and Hip

Question 37

Ellipsoid joint - definition, type of movement, example

Answer 37

Modified ball and socket joint. Heads are ellipsoid in shape instead of spherical Biaxial Antlantoociptal joint of the neck