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PE - Mr Williams > Joints And Articulations > Flashcards

Joints And Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

How are skeletal joints classified?

A

They are classified according to their structural and functional characteristics.

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2
Q

What are the 3 classifications of joints?

A
  • Fixed (fibrous)
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
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3
Q

What is an example of a fixed joints?

A

Cranium

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4
Q

What is an example of a cartilaginous joints?

A

Between vertebrae

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5
Q

What is an example of a synovial joints?

A

Knee, shoulder and wrist

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of synovial joints?

A
  • Highest degree of movement
  • Amount of movement is dependent upon the type of joint e.g hinge or b-a-s
  • features : Ligaments, tendons, cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule
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7
Q

What are ligaments?

A

They connect bone to bone and stabilise the joint.

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8
Q

What is a tendon?

A

They connect bone to muscle and enable movement.

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9
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces, reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.

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10
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Fluid that lubricants the joint and nourishes the articular cartilage.

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11
Q

What is a Joint capsule?

A

A fluid-filled space that separates the articulating bones.

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12
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A 
Gliding 
Hinge 
Pivot 
Ball and socket 
Ellipsoid
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13
Q

What is an example of a gliding synovial joint?

A

Vertebrae

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14
Q

What is an example of a hinge synovial joint?

A

Elbow

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15
Q

What is an example of a pivot synovial joint?

A

Neck

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16
Q

What is an example of a ball and socket synovial joint?

A

Hip

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17
Q

What is an example of a ellipsoid synovial joint?

A

Wrist

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18
Q

What 2 movements does a hinge joint allow?

A

Flexion and extension

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19
Q

How many planes does hinge joints allow?

A

1

E.g knee, elbow and ankle

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20
Q

Is a ball and socket joint more or less open?

A

It is a more open joint

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21
Q

How many planes does a ball and socket joint allow?

A

It allows up to four planes

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22
Q

What joints can perform flexion?

A 
Shoulder 
Elbow 
Wrist 
Hip
Knee
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23
Q

What joints can perform extension?

A 
Shoulder 
Elbow 
Wrist 
Hip
Knee
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24
Q

What joints can perform horizontal adduction?

A

Shoulder

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25
Q

What joints can perform horizontal abduction?

A

Shoulder

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26
Q

What joints can perform abduction?

A

Shoulder

Hip

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27
Q

What joints can perform adduction?

A

Shoulder

Hip

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28
Q

What joints can perform rotation?

A

Shoulder

Hip

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29
Q

What joints can perform circumduction?

A

Shoulder

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30
Q

What joints can perform pronation?

A

Radio-Ulnar

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31
Q

What joints can perform supination?

A

Radio-Ulnar

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32
Q

What joints can perform lateral flexion?

A

Spine

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33
Q

What joints can perform Dorsi flexion?

A

Ankle

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34
Q

What joints can perform plantar flexion?

A

Ankle

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35
Q

What is the name of the skull?

A

Cranium

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36
Q

What is the name of the collarbone?

A

Clavicle

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37
Q

What is the name of the spine?

A

Vertebrae

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38
Q

What is the name of the shoulder?

A

Scapular

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39
Q

What is the name of the bone that runs on the front of the ribs?

A

Sternum

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40
Q

What is the name of the bones that protect the organs?

A

Ribs

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41
Q

What is the name of the bone in the upper arm?

A

Humorous

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42
Q

What are the names of the 2 bones in the lower arm?

A

Radius

Ulna

43
Q

What is the name of the hip bone?

A

Pelvis

44
Q

What are the names of the bones in your hands?

A

Carpel - metacarpals - phalanges

45
Q

What is the name of the bone in your upper leg?

A

Femur

46
Q

What is the name of the bone on the knee joint?

A

Patella

47
Q

What are the two bones in your lower leg called?

A

Fibular

Tibia

48
Q

What are the names of bones in your feet?

A

Talus - metatarsals - phalanges

49
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A 
Protection 
Support 
Blood cell production 
Movement 
Mineral storage
50
Q

What does protection mean?

A

Bones protect your vital organs

51
Q

What does support mean?

A

Bones give our body size and shape and provide points for muscles to attach to.

52
Q

What does blood cell protection mean?

A

Red blood cells and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.

53
Q

What does movement mean?

A

The bones act as levers that muscles attach to, causing movement.

54
Q

What does mineral storage mean?

A

The skeleton stores calcium and phosphorus.

55
Q

What are the 5 different bone types?

A 
Long bones
Short bones 
Flat bones
Irregular Bones 
Sesamoid bones
56
Q

What are the functions of long bones?

A

Are responsible for allowing leverage to occur, causing gross movements.

57
Q

What is an example of a long bone?

A

Femur

58
Q

What is the function of short bones?

A

Are responsible for fine, controlled movements.

59
Q

What is an example of a short bone?

A

Tarsals

60
Q

What is the function of flat bones?

A

Responsible for providing protection to major organs

61
Q

What is an example of a flat bone?

A

The rib cage provide protection for the heart and lungs

62
Q

What is the function of a irregular bone?

A

Provide strength to the body.

63
Q

What is an example of a irregular bone?

A

Vertebrae

64
Q

What is the function of a sesamoid bone?

A

Provide points of attachment for the tendons and act as protection to the tendon.

65
Q

What is an example of a sesamoid bone?

A

Patella

66
Q

Are the skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary which means the person controls the muscles as and when they want.

67
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal muscles?

A

Movement
Support
Heat production
Posture

68
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue?

A

Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage

69
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

They connect bone to bone, forming a joint. Ligaments provide support to a joint, increasing joint stability and preventing injury.

70
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Are strong and flexible connective tissues that join the muscle to bone. They cause the movement at the joint.

71
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Cartilage covers and protects the ends of the bones. Cartilage is tough and acts as a buffer between bones, where joints create friction from movement.

72
Q

What are articulating bones?

A

When two or more bones which are connected with each other via a joint

73
Q

What are the articulating bones around the hip joint?

A

Pelvis

Femur

74
Q

What are the articulating bones around the knee?

A

Femur
Tibia
(Patella)

75
Q

What are the articulating bones around the elbow joint?

A

Humorous
Radius
Ulna

76
Q

What are the two names of the muscular contractions?

A

Agonist

Antagonist

77
Q

What is the agonist muscle?

A

Known as the “prime mover”

This is the muscle that is responsible for the movement taking place.

78
Q

Is the agonist a concentric or an eccentric contraction?

A

It is always a concentric contraction

79
Q

What is the antagonist muscle contraction?

A

The opposite muscle to the agonist. This muscle relaxes for the movement takes place.

80
Q

Muscle contraction can be split into two types?

A

Isotonic

Isometric

81
Q

Isotonic can be split into two what are they?

A

Concentric

Eccentric

82
Q

What is the difference between isotonic and isometric?

A

Isotonic - muscle changes in size

Isometric - muscle has no change in size

83
Q

What is the isotonic contraction?

A

The muscle producing the contraction changes in size and shape. It controls the speed of contraction.

84
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

Shortening of muscle

85
Q

What is the eccentric contraction?

A

Lengthening of the muscle

86
Q

Is there movement when a eccentric contraction takes place?

A

No, no movement takes place. The muscle stays the same length

87
Q

What movement happens when the deltoids are the agonist?

A

Abduct the shoulder

88
Q

What movement happens when the biceps Brachii are the agonist?

A

Flex the elbow

89
Q

What movement happens when the abdominals are the agonist?

A

Flex the spine

90
Q

What movement happens when the gluteals are the agonist?

A

Extend the hip

91
Q

What are muscle fibres?

A

Individual strands of muscle are called myofibrils.

92
Q

What are the two types of skeletal muscles called?

A 
Slow twitch (type 1)
Fast twitch (type 2)
93
Q

What is slow twitch?

A

Also know as type 1 or slow oxidative

94
Q

What is fast twitch?

A

These fibres can be separated into 2 different types

95
Q

What are the two types of fast twitch?

A

Type IIa

Type IIb

96
Q

What is type IIa?

A

FOG fibres (Fast oxidative glycolytic)

97
Q

What is type IIb?

A

FG fibres (Fast glycolytic)

98
Q

What does type 1 (slow oxidation) mean?

A

It is primarily used during aerobic exercise

  • Slower contraction speed
  • Resistant to fatigue
  • Many surrounding capillaries
  • Bright red in colour
99
Q

When is type 1 used?

A

Marathon running

Tour de France cycling

100
Q

What does type IIa (Fast oxidative glycolytic) mean?

A

It is used during anaerobic exercise. (80% - 90%)

  • Fast contraction speed
  • High contraction force
  • Medium resistance to fatigue
  • some surrounding capillaries
101
Q

What does type IIb (Fast glycolytic) mean?

A

It is used during maximum anaerobic exercise. (90% - 100%)

  • Fast contraction speed
  • Highest contraction speed
  • Low resistance to fatigue
  • A few surrounding capillaries
  • White in appearance
102
Q

When is type IIa used?

A

400m running

200m swimming

103
Q

When is type IIb used?

A

100m sprint
Long jump
Gymnastic tumble

PE - Mr Williams (8 decks)

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