Joints and ligaments Flashcards
(55 cards)
How is a joint formed
When 2 bones articulate with each other
Synovial joints? and examples
Most common, cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid- enclosed in joint capsule.
Joint capsule 2 layers- outer fibrous and inner synovial membrane. Hyaline cartilage.
Allow great range movement
E.g Shoulder, knee, wrist joints
Fibrous joints? and examples
Connect via strong fibrous tissue- no cavity, no fluid
Little or no movement
E.g. Sutures- joints between bones of skull
Cartilaginous joints? and examples
Surfaces seperated by cartilage- 2 groups
1) Primary- connected hyaline, allow some flexibility
E.g. Ribs meet sternum
2) Secondary- connected fibrocartilage, flexible and strong
E.g. Intervertebral discs (between vertebra spine)
Secondary Cartilaginous joints? and examples
Surfaces seperated by cartilage- 2 groups
2) Secondary- connected fibrocartilage, flexible and strong
E.g. Intervertebral discs (between vertebra spine)
Six types of synovial joints and examples?
1) Ball and socket- mobile, sig range motion (rotation)- hip (stable), shoulder (weaker) increased risk dislocation
2) Hinge- sig range movement, only one plane- elbow and knee
3) Pivot- allows rotational movement- first vertebrae (C1- Atlas) pivots around second vertebrae (C2- Axis)
4) Saddle- movement in 2 planes- base of thumb- metacarpal to carpal
5) Condyloid- oval shaped ball and socket- 2 planes movement- wrist and knuckles (metacarpophalangeal)
6) Plane- surfaces flat and glide- ltd range movement- tarsals (foot), small wrist bones, acromioclavicular joint
Ligaments? and function
Band fibrous connective tissue
Attaches bone to bone
Stabilise joints and limit movement
Abduction?
Movement away from midline
Adduction?
Movement towards midline
Pronation?
Forearm- internal rotation of radius- palm faces posteriorly
Supination?
Forearm- external rotation radius- palm faces anteriorly- anatomical position
Opposition?
Thumb and little finger to reach each other
Dorsiflexion?
Ankle- foot and toes move towards shin- ‘up’
Plantarflexion?
Ankle- foot and toes move inferiorly- ‘down’
Plant ‘plant’ down
Inversion?
Foot and ankle- sole of foot faces in
Eversion?
Foot and ankle- sole of foot faces out
Protraction?
Scapula and mandible- move anteriorly- upper limb in front to push open door
Retraction?
Scapula and mandible posteriorly
Elevation?
Scapula and mandible- move superiorly- shrug shoulders
Depression?
Scapula and mandible- move inferiorly
Circumduction?
Combination flexion, extension, abduction, adduction- circular pattern
Flexion?
Bending (decrease angle between 2 parts)
Extension?
Straightening (increase angle between 2 parts)
Muscles 3 types? Striated? Examples?
1) Skeletal- throughout body, support and move joints, voluntary, striated
2) Smooth- walls of blood vessels and internal organs (intestine), involuntary (autonomic), not striated
3) Cardiac- heart, involuntary (autonomic), striated
