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Anatomy -msk > Joints and ligaments > Flashcards

Joints and ligaments Flashcards

1
Q

How is a joint formed

A

When 2 bones articulate with each other

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2
Q

Synovial joints? and examples

A

Most common, cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid- enclosed in joint capsule.
Joint capsule 2 layers- outer fibrous and inner synovial membrane. Hyaline cartilage.
Allow great range movement
E.g Shoulder, knee, wrist joints

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3
Q

Fibrous joints? and examples

A

Connect via strong fibrous tissue- no cavity, no fluid
Little or no movement
E.g. Sutures- joints between bones of skull

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4
Q

Cartilaginous joints? and examples

A

Surfaces seperated by cartilage- 2 groups
1) Primary- connected hyaline, allow some flexibility
E.g. Ribs meet sternum
2) Secondary- connected fibrocartilage, flexible and strong
E.g. Intervertebral discs (between vertebra spine)

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5
Q

Secondary Cartilaginous joints? and examples

A

Surfaces seperated by cartilage- 2 groups
2) Secondary- connected fibrocartilage, flexible and strong
E.g. Intervertebral discs (between vertebra spine)

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6
Q

Six types of synovial joints and examples?

A

1) Ball and socket- mobile, sig range motion (rotation)- hip (stable), shoulder (weaker) increased risk dislocation
2) Hinge- sig range movement, only one plane- elbow and knee
3) Pivot- allows rotational movement- first vertebrae (C1- Atlas) pivots around second vertebrae (C2- Axis)
4) Saddle- movement in 2 planes- base of thumb- metacarpal to carpal
5) Condyloid- oval shaped ball and socket- 2 planes movement- wrist and knuckles (metacarpophalangeal)
6) Plane- surfaces flat and glide- ltd range movement- tarsals (foot), small wrist bones, acromioclavicular joint

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7
Q

Ligaments? and function

A

Band fibrous connective tissue
Attaches bone to bone
Stabilise joints and limit movement

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8
Q

Abduction?

A

Movement away from midline

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9
Q

Adduction?

A

Movement towards midline

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10
Q

Pronation?

A

Forearm- internal rotation of radius- palm faces posteriorly

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11
Q

Supination?

A

Forearm- external rotation radius- palm faces anteriorly- anatomical position

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12
Q

Opposition?

A

Thumb and little finger to reach each other

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13
Q

Dorsiflexion?

A

Ankle- foot and toes move towards shin- ‘up’

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14
Q

Plantarflexion?

A

Ankle- foot and toes move inferiorly- ‘down’
Plant ‘plant’ down

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15
Q

Inversion?

A

Foot and ankle- sole of foot faces in

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16
Q

Eversion?

A

Foot and ankle- sole of foot faces out

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17
Q

Protraction?

A

Scapula and mandible- move anteriorly- upper limb in front to push open door

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18
Q

Retraction?

A

Scapula and mandible posteriorly

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19
Q

Elevation?

A

Scapula and mandible- move superiorly- shrug shoulders

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20
Q

Depression?

A

Scapula and mandible- move inferiorly

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21
Q

Circumduction?

A

Combination flexion, extension, abduction, adduction- circular pattern

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22
Q

Flexion?

A

Bending (decrease angle between 2 parts)

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23
Q

Extension?

A

Straightening (increase angle between 2 parts)

24
Q

Muscles 3 types? Striated? Examples?

A

1) Skeletal- throughout body, support and move joints, voluntary, striated
2) Smooth- walls of blood vessels and internal organs (intestine), involuntary (autonomic), not striated
3) Cardiac- heart, involuntary (autonomic), striated

25
Q

Tendon?

A

Muscle to bone

26
Q

Ligament?

A

Bone to bone

27
Q

Tendons formation?

A

Strong connective tissue
Some rounded
Some flat sheets- aponeuroses
Muscle between tendons- belly

28
Q

What is origin and insertion muscles?

A

Origin- bone
Insertion- part moves

29
Q

4 main shapes of skeletal muscles?

A

1) Parallel- weaker, shorten a lot
2 types-
- Fusiform- long tendon each end,
bulge middle e.g biceps brachii
- Strap- belt shaped- uniform
e.g. rectus abdominis
2) Convergent- fan shaped, broad attachment one end e.g. pectoralis major on anterior chest wall
3) Circular- arranged in rings around structure- sphincters e.g. muscles round eyes
4) Pennate- fibres arranged in direction muscle acts, v powerful, can’t shorten as much
3 types-
- Unipennate- diag one side feather
e.g. extensor digitorum longus (leg)
- Bipennate- V shaped both feather
e.g. rectus femoris (thigh)
- Multipennate- many bipennate
attach one tendon e.g. deltoid

30
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

Single motor neuron
Axon
Muscle fibres it supplies

31
Q

Upper limbs?

A

Evolved dexterity and mobile

32
Q

Lower limb?

A

Support and weight bearing

33
Q

Upper limbs diagram

A
34
Q

Lower limbs diagram

A
35
Q

How many vertebra?

A

33

36
Q

Name 5 categories of vertebra and how many of each?

A

Cervical- 7 C1-C7- neck
Thoracic- 12 T1-T12- thorax
Lumbar- 5 L1-L5- abdomen
Sacral- 5 S1-S5- pelvis- fused into sacrum
Coccygeal- 4 CO1-4- pelvis- fused into coccyx

37
Q

Thoracic?

A

Thoracic- 12 T1-T12- thorax

38
Q

Cervical?

A

Cervical- 7 C1-C7- neck

39
Q

Lumbar?

A

Lumbar- 5 L1-L5- abdomen

40
Q

Sacral?

A

Sacral- 5 S1-S5- pelvis- fused into sacrum

41
Q

Coccygeal?

A

Coccygeal- 4 CO1-4- pelvis- fused into coccyx

42
Q

Why is the vertebral column curved?

A

Help absorb shock
Cervical and lumbar curve anteriorly to form cervical lordosis and lumbar lordosis
Thoracic and sacral curve posteriorly to form thoracic kyphosis and sacral kyphosis

43
Q

What allows vertebral column movement?

A

Intervertebral discs

44
Q

Draw and label diagram of vertebra

A
45
Q

What are 5 types of vertebra and how many

A

Cervical C1-C7
Thoracic T1-T12
Lumbar L1-L5
Sacral S1-S5
Coccygeal C1-C4

46
Q

Cervical distinguishing features?

A

C1-C7
Bifid spinous process
Holes in transverse processes- transverse foramen

47
Q

What is this?

A

Cervical vertebra

48
Q

C1?

A

Atlas- no body or spinous process
Rotation of head

49
Q

C2?

A

Axis- dens
Rotation of head

49
Q

Thoracic distinguishing features?

A

Long, sharp downward sloping spinous process
Additional articular facets for attachment of ribs and heart shaped bodies

50
Q

What is this?

A

Thoracic vertebra

51
Q

Lumbar distinguishing features?

A

Short, blunt spinous process
Large, oval shaped body

52
Q

What is this?

A

Lumbar vertebra

53
Q

Sacaral and coccygeal distinguishing features?

A

Sacral- S1-S5 fused into sacrum
Articulates with L and R hip bones to form pelvis
Coccygeal- Co1-C04 fused to form coccyx

54
Q

What is this?

A

Sacral and coccyx vertebra

Anatomy -msk (4 decks)

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