Joints and Muscles

Question 1

What is a joint?

Answer 1

Where two or more bones meet

Question 2

What is the function of a joint?

Answer 2

Facilitate growth and transmit forces

Question 3

What are the three types of joints when classifying by movement?

Answer 3

Synarthroses

Amphiarthroses

Diarthroses

Question 4

What is the movement of a synarthroses joint and where is it found?

Answer 4

Hardly any movement

Found in the skull

Question 5

What is the movement of a amphiarthroses joint and where is it found?

Answer 5

Little movement

Between vertebrae in spinal column

Question 6

What is the movement of a diarthroses joint and where is it found?

Answer 6

Very moveable

Knee

Question 7

What are the three classifications of joints by soft tissue structure?

Answer 7

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

Question 8

Describe a fibrous joint?

Answer 8

A joint created by a dense fibrous connection

Question 9

What are three examples of fibrous joints and where are they found?

Answer 9

Sutures- skull

Syndesmosis- fibrous membranes between bones

Gomphosis- teeth (peg in socket)

Question 10

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 10

Primary

Secondary

Question 11

Describe primary cartilaginous joints

Answer 11

Bone-hyaline cartilage- bone

Synchondrosis

Question 12

Describe secondary cartilaginous joints

Answer 12

Bone-hyaline cartilage- fibrocartilage- hyaline cartilage- bone

Symphyses

Question 13

Where would you find a primary cartilaginous joint?

Answer 13

In between growing bones

First costosternal joint

Question 14

Where would you find secondary cartilaginous joints?

Answer 14

Joints of sternum

Intervertebral discs

Pubic symphysis

Question 15

What is a ligament?

Answer 15

A thickening of the fibrous capsule

Question 16

What is an intrinsic ligament?

Answer 16

Is a part of the capsule

Question 17

What is an extrinsic ligament?

Answer 17

Outside of the capsule

Question 18

What is being double jointed?

Answer 18

Weak ligaments

Question 19

What are the three major features of synovial joints?

Answer 19

Fibrous capsule- ligaments

Articular cartilage

Synovial membrane

Question 20

What is the function of the articular cartilage?

Answer 20

Creates frictionless surface

Question 21

What is the function of the synovial membrane?

Answer 21

Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint

Question 22

What is synovial made up of?

Answer 22

Hyaluronic acid

Lubricin

Phagocytic cells

Question 23

How does synovial fluid change its structure when pressure is applied to a joint?

Answer 23

Alignment of glycoprotein molecules changes

This causes a decrease in viscosity so that lubrication improves

Question 24

What are some minor features of synovial joints?

Answer 24

Intra-articular disc

Bursae

Synovial sheaths

Question 25

What are fibro-cartilage discs do?

Answer 25

Deepen and support joint

Question 26

What are bursae?

Answer 26

Closed sacs lined with synovial membrane Found where friction occurs

Question 27

What are synovial sheaths?

Answer 27

Specialised bursae that surround tendons where they are subject to pressure

Question 28

How many planes can a ball and socket joint move in?

Answer 28

3

Question 29

How many planes can a hinge joint move in?

Answer 29

1

Question 30

What factors influence the stability of joints?

Answer 30

Shape of the bones Strength and position of the ligaments Tone of the surrounding muscles

Question 31

Why does fibrous capsules have a good nerve supply?

Answer 31

To allow for effective proprioception

Question 32

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 32

Degenerative disease Effects articular cartilage and weight bearing joints

Question 33

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 33

Affects all synovial joints Changes in synovium lead to destruction of articular cartilage An autoimmune disease

Question 34

What does deep fascia do?

Answer 34

Divides the limbs into compartments

Question 35

What three types of muscles make up of a functional group?

Answer 35

Prime mover Synergists Antagonists

Question 36

What separates muscle fibres?

Answer 36

Endomysium

Question 37

What lies between fascicles?

Answer 37

Perimysium

Question 38

What is the dense sheath on the surface of muscles?

Answer 38

Epimysium

Question 39

What are multinucleated muscle cells called?

Answer 39

Myocytes

Question 40

What is the effect of myostatin?

Answer 40

Inhibition of muscle cell differentiation