joints and muscles (Dark) Flashcards
(28 cards)
1
Q
synovium
primary reponse to injury
A
- hypertrophy
- arthritis
- osteoarthritis
- infectious dz
2
Q
Pannus
A
- granulation tissue on articular surface
- can damange underlying cartilage
- can progress to ankylosis
3
Q
Cartilage damage
A
- Stage one: Fibrillation
- forms vertical clefts in cartilage
- dull, yellow-brown cartilage
- Stage two: Eburnation
- polishing exposed subchondral bone
- Stage three: Osteophytosis
- bony projection
- more bone production for stabilization
- Stage four: Joint mice
- broken off osteophyte or articular cartilage
4
Q
Arthritis
Inflammatory
A
- Inflammatory
- Acute:
- penetrating wound
- septicemia
- Chronic:
- immune mediated (sharpei fever)
- Lupus
- viral dz
- Acute:
5
Q
Osteoarthritis
A
- Degenerative joint disease (DJD)
- Typically aging lesion
- fibrillation
- cartilage erosion
- osteophytosis
- eburnation
- synovial hyperplasia
- Mechanical/biochemical aspects
- decreased proteoglycan synthesis
- inc metalloenzyme synthesis - degrade proteoglycans
*DJD check viscosity of joint fluid
6
Q
Osteochondrosis dessicans (OCD)
A
- Osteochondrosis
- area of thickened cartilage
- OCD when the flap breaks off
7
Q
Neoplasia
A
- Synovial cell carcinoma
- can be lytic
- not usually bony proliferation
- usually joints on long bones
8
Q
IVDD
A
- Degeneration
- annulus fibrosis cracks, tears, or can rupture
- releases nucleus pulposus
- Types
- Type I - sudden
- more common in chondrodysplastic breeds
- Type II - gradual
- Type I - sudden
*spinal lesion dev: conscious proprioception goes first, deep pain goes last
9
Q
Dural ossification
A
- ossifying pachymeningitis
- generally incidental
- may interfere with some imaging
10
Q
Hip dysplasia
A
- Degenerative, non-inflammatory
- Generally large-breed dogs
- deformation of joint
- sublux of femoral head
11
Q
Elbow dysplasia
A
- degenerative, non-inflammatory
- generally large-breed dogs
- GSD
- ununited anconeal process
- fragmented medial coronoid process
- OCD of elbow
12
Q
Normal muscle
A
- Myofibers
- single muscle cells
- peripheral nuclei
- striations
- high blood supply
13
Q
Type I muscle fibers
A
- slow twitch
- large number mitochondria
- postural and sustained activity
14
Q
Type II muscle fiber types
A
- Tast twitch
- fewer mitochondria
- rapid activity
15
Q
Classification of muscle injuries
TQ
A
- Distribution
- focal
- HBC example
- mulitfocal
- Toxin example
- focal
- Timeline
- Monophasic
- all injury looks like same timeframe
- polyphasic
- old and new lesions => indicates ongoing exposure
- Monophasic
16
Q
Muscle response to injury
A
- hypertrophy
- atrophy
- degeneration
- necrosis
- calcification
- regeneration
- fibrosis
17
Q
Myoglobinuria
A
- intense exercising (crossfit)
- recent m. damage
- in CK
18
Q
Hemoglobinuria
A
- anemia
- evidence of RBC lysis
- dec PCV
19
Q
Muscle damage
circulation
A
- downer cattle
- equine anesthesia
- post anesthetic myopathy
- lots of factors
20
Q
Muscle damage
Myositis
A
- Bacterial
- typically clostridium
- abscesses
- Parasitic
- toxoplasma gondii
- trichinella spiralis
- sarcocystis spp
21
Q
Muscle damage
myositis
A
- autoimmune
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- polymyositis
- purpura hemorrhagica
- others
22
Q
Limberneck in ducks
A
botulism
23
Q
Congenital myopathies
A
- malignant hyperthermia
- muscular dystrophy
- equine rhabdomyolysis
- sporadic
- polysaccharide storage myopathy
- recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis
- Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP)
- Fainting goats
- Splaying
24
Q
Exertional myopathy
A
- capture myopathy
- disuse
- cast
25
Nutritional myopathies
* malnutrition
* atrophy
* vitamin E / selenium deficiency
* white muscle disease
26
Muscle damage
Toxin
* monensin
* horses
27
Neoplasia
* Rhabdomyoma
* benign, rare
* Rhabdomyosarcoma
28
Muscle damage
Denervation
* Brachial plexus avulsion
* laryngeal hemiplegia
* horses and dogs
