Joints Muscles And Reflexes Flashcards
(7 cards)
What are the different types of joints?
Synovial: contain articular cartilage (coats two bones meeting preventing friction), joint capsule (wraps joints in fibrous tissue holding bones together) synovial membrane (epithelial layer covering non weight bearing surfaces, secretes synovial fluid, this fluid contains phagocytes and prevents friction) (eg ball and socket joint, hinge, saddle, pivot joint)
Fibrous: links bones with fibrous tissue preventing bone from moving, sometimes allows limited movement eg intaosseous membrane limiting movement and strengthening bone
Cartilaginous: binds bones together eg intervertebral discs or pubic symphysis (progesterone and oestrogen softens this up during pregnancy allowing pelvis to expand)
Describe functions and structures of skeletal muscle?
Under voluntary control (except for reflexes), is striated (striped in appearance) is anchored to bones via tendons.
Describe structure and functions of muscle tissue
Muscle tissue large and cylindrical lies parallel to each other, made of rows of fibre which are made of bundles called FASCICLES, each bundle covered in tissue sheath called PERIMYSIUM. Fascicles are wrapped in connective tissue layer called ENDOMYSIUM.
Muscle cell structure: cell membrane (sacrolemma) cytoplasm (sacroplasm) threaded with tiny fibres called myofibrils and contains mitochondria throughout to produce large amounts of ATP. Contains thin bands (actin) and thick (myosin) giving striated appearance.
What are the different cites of Intra-muscular injection?
Vastus lateralls (leg): muscle is easy to access and doesn’t have a lot of major blood vessels, however can be painful and the depth of subcutaneous tissue varies on person.
Ventrogluteal (bum): has large depth of subcutaneous fat, situated away from major nerves and vessels and can be accessed through various positions, however rarely used in UK.
Deltoid (arm): easy muscle access however muscle is small and often underdeveloped also auxiliary nerve is beneath deltoid so risky.
What is the process of reflex arc
- Receptor
- Sensory neurone
- Integration centre (synaps in CNS)
- Motor neurone
- Effectir
How do you test for reflex
Using a diagnostic tool to assess condition of the nervous system, will help determine area of damage in spinal cord and may indicate areas of brain damage. If responses are exaggerated or absent may indicate severity of damage.
What are some types of reflexes?
Corneal: eyes closing when eye lashes are touched
Cough reflex: glottis closes when irritates expelling mucus air or foreign matter after opening.
Pupillary: shining light into eye causing pupils to dilate
Knee jerk: sharply tapping knee with base of Taylor hammer
Infant reflex: primitive reflexes such as feeding or postural reflexes such as extension of arms when they feel like they’re gonna drop
