Joints- WK2 ( Ch 2 ) Flashcards
(24 cards)
Differentiate between the simple synovial joint categories.
Ovoid: has a paired mating surface that is imperfectly spherical , adjacent parts have a changing surface curvature, articular surface is convex and the other is concave
Saddle: paired convex and concave surfaces; oriented at 90 degrees to eachother
List the 7 elements associated with synovial joints
1) Articular Cartilage
2) Articular/Joint Capsule
3) Synovial Membrane
4) Synovial Fluid
5) Ligaments
6) Small Blood Vessels
7) Sensory Nerves
What is the importance of water to ground substance ?
peri-articular tissue; capsule, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, and fibrocartilage are all made of collagen, cells, and ground substance
water provides a fluid medium for diffusion of nutrients within ground substance matrix
proteglycans in tissue tend to swell due to water retention and thus become turgid like a balloon.
For the following connective tissue describe: category, composition, healing potential, sensation, function:
Ligament
- A dense regular connective tissue; composed of high type 1 collagen, low elastin, few fibroblasts, low proteoglycan content
- connect bone to bone, protect against excessive movement
For the following connective tissue describe: category, composition, healing potential, sensation, function:
Tendon
- Dense regular connective tissue; composed of high type 1 collagen, low elastin content, few fibroblasts, low proteoglycan content
- transmit forces from muscle to bone
For the following connective tissue describe: category, composition, healing potential, sensation, function:
Joint Capsule
- dense irregular connective tissue; mostly type I collagen
- enclose synovial joints
- limited healing potential
For the following connective tissue describe: category, composition, healing potential, sensation, function:
Articular Cartilage
- hyaline; type II collagen fibers, high proteglycan content
- avascular and aneural
- reduces joint friction
For the following connective tissue describe: category, composition, healing potential, sensation, function:
Fibrocartilage
- mixture of dense connective and articular cartilage; type II collagen fibers, high proteoglycan content
- shock absorption and tensile strength
- guide arthrokinematics
- aneural, limited blood supply
- peripheries may heal
For the following connective tissue describe: category, composition, healing potential, sensation, function:
Bone
- Falls under bone; made of spongy and compact bone
- innervated and vascular supply
- heals well
How does articular get nutrition ? and how can therapists promote that process ?
- Nourished by synovial fluid facilitated by milking action of articular surface deformation during joint loading
- by encouraging exercise !
Explain Wolff’s Law. How can it be pathological for bone and other connective tissue ?
- bone is laid down in areas of high stress and reabsorbed in areas of low stress.
- if too much is laid down spurs may form ( osteophytes ), due to pulls from connective tissue or muscle
- pores may also from lack of stressors
How long does it take for the following tissues to heal ? bone, ligament/tendon/joint capsule, articular cartilage
Bone: 6-8 weeks
Ligament/Tendon/Joint Capsule: 3-6 weeks
Articular Cartilage: repaired poorly or not at all
What is the difference between acute trauma and chronic trauma ?
acute: single overwhelming event that produces detectable pathology
chronic: accumulation of lesser injuries over extended period.
What is the difference between a dislocation and a subluxation ?
Dislocation: complete dissociation
Subluxation: partial dissocation
Regarding the phases of healing, how long does each phase last and what happens during each phase ?
Inflammation: <1 week, inflammatory cells and leukocytes crowd area; increased vascular permeability
Repair: about 3 weeks; cell proliferation; fibers re-aligned, new tissue strength is 15% of the original strength; gentle tension should be applied to encourage proper collagen orientation
Remodeling: 3wks to 6mo; Scar tissue should be stressed to improve tissue quality
What happens if a therapist is too aggressive during the repair phase of healing ?
delayed or suppressed healing; could cause reinjury
What happens if the remodeling process is not carried out properly ?
Low quality scars; patient may be continuously bothered by pain despite repair
How does immobilization or disuse affect the following tissues: Ligament, Tendon, Joint Capsule, Articular Cartilage, Bone.
Ligament: decreased tensile strength, decreased collagen and cross linking
Tendon: muscle weakness and atrophy; loss of interdigitation
Joint Capsule: capsule contracture, adhesion in synovial folds
Articular Cartilage: loss of mass, volume, and strength
Bone: loss of mass, volume, and strength
How are the effects of ageing similar to the effects of immobilization or disuse on connective tissues ?
- decreased repair capacity
- decrease tissue strength
- decreased GAG molecules
- tendons become less stiff
What type of exercise is appropriate for rehab of the following connective tissues ?
Ligament, Tendon, Cartilage, Bone
Ligament: tensile loads; recovery can take months
Tendon: tensile loads
Cartilage: low frequency compressive loads
Bone: High frequency loads
Explain the cycle of joint dysfunction as if you were telling a patient.
- joint cannot move thus muscle that moves it cannot move
- muscles cannot be restored to normal if the joints are not free to move
- normal muscle function depends on normal joint movement
- impaired muscle function may deteriorate joints
Review the classification of connective tissue types.
…
What is the name of the cell that synthesizes collagen ?
Fibroblast
What is the name of the cell that synthesizes cartilage ?
Chondroblast
