josh growth promoters Flashcards
(16 cards)
what are growth promotors
Are substances which when added to the diet, appear to give a growth response over and above the expected level
Also called as “performance enhancers”
what are the broad divisions of growth promotors
gut flora modifiers and stabilizers
nutrient modifiers
physiological regulators
Gut flora modifiers and stabilizers includes what
Antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids and phytobiotics
Nutrient modifiers of growth promtors include what
enzymes
physiological regulators (growth promotor) include what
hormones
what are pro, pre and antibiotics?
Probiotics: Good bacteria which can be injected to introduce into the gut bacteria
Prebiotics: Is a specialized plant fiber which nourishes the good bacteria
Antibiotics: kills of bacteria
what is the use of antiobiotic and what are the good and bad of using them as a growth promotor
GOOD
Controls the clinical and subclinical disease, this reduces the abduction of important nutrients from the small intestine by incorporation into the bacterial mass.
It also reduces bacterial degradation of nutrients such as vitamins and amino acids
By reducing the bacteria in the gut the host is able to take more nutrients that would usually be lost.
BAD
In cattle and sheep they rarely receive antibiotics as it would harm the flora in the rumen and severely influence the nutrient uptake in the ruminant.
By using antibiotics to readily increase antibiotic resistance.
what are the three modes of action of probiotics and their differences
Suppression of specific microbes
- Production of antibacterial compounds
- Competition for nutrients
- Competition for adhesion sites
Stimulation of immunity
- Increased antibody levels
- Increased macrophage activity
Alteration of microbial metabolism
- Increased enzyme activity
- Decreased enzyme activity
define probiotics
Live microbial feed, this improves the gut flora by increasing good bacteria and are often given in a dehydrated state (dormant within the pill).
Major ones include:
Lactobacillus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Bifidobacterium sp.
what are the good feature of probiotics
Should be a strain which is capable of exerting a beneficial effect on the host animal, e.g. increased growth or resistance to disease
Should be non-pathogenic and non-toxic
Should be present as viable cells, preferably in large numbers, although we do not know the minimum effective dose
Should be capable of surviving and metabolizing in the gut environment, e.g. resistant to low pH and organic acids
Should be stable and capable of remaining viable for long periods under storage and field conditions
what are organic acids
A group of short chain fatty acids also called the carboxylic acids (CHOO)
what is the effect of organic acids as a food additive
Formic acid is used to preserve protein rich feedstuff and stabilize the vitamin content in the cows milk. This helps prevent feed from rotting (preservative)
Have ability to kill pathogenic microorganisms that cause disease and deter the growth performance of livestock
The acids enter the bacteria and the hydrogen ions dissociate, this increases the pH drastically and kills the microorganism. The bacteria will try and pump the protons into the cell to attempt to mediate the pH however it struggles to keep up.
what effect does growth promotor enzymes have
Enzymes are proteins promoting a specific biochemical process (hydrolysis – in case as a feed additive)
To enhance nutrient digestibility
Removal of soluble indigestible non-starch polysaccharides [NSP] – arabinoxylans and β-glucans which are in viscous grains (wheat, rye, barley etc.)
NSPs bind to water which forms gels, this increases gut viscosity which affects the passage of the digesta, this affects the rate of absorption of the digesta
Eg: β-glucanase, Arabinase, Xylanase
list three types of enzyme that are growth promotors
Eg: β-glucanase, Arabinase, Xylanase
what are phytases and jhow do they relate to growth
highly phosphorus content is non digestible, this are called phytate, these can become very toxic. Phytases is an enzyme which allows for the GI tract to break them down. However these enzymes are broken down in the body and have been found to be more effective through fungi growth in the body.
what are phytobiotics and their effect
Also called as phytochemicals/phytonutrients
Are plant-derived natural bioactive compounds that can be added to the feed to improve the performance and well-being of animals
antimicrobial effect and increases feed intake as well as antioxidative
