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RE Creation > Judaism Practices > Flashcards

Judaism Practices Flashcards

1
Q

When does Brit Milah take place?

A

It takes place at home surrounded by family and friends when the baby is eight days old

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2
Q

Which covenant did the Brit Milah ceremony fulfil?

A

The covenant God made with Abraham for every Jewish male to be circumcised. Circumcision is seen as a lifelong reminder the person’s a member of God’s chosen people - the Jews

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3
Q

Brit Milah ceremony order

A

1) Close friend/relative places the baby on an empty chair
2) A trained circumciser(mohel) places the baby on the knee of a friend or relative
3) The boy’s father blesses his son,thanking God for helping the boy into the covenant of Abraham and there is an overall blessing for the boy to, as he entered into the covenant, enter into the Torah, the marriage and good deeds.
4)Blessing said over wine, baby’s formally named and circumcision occurs.
5)Family and guests enjoy a celebratory meal.

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4
Q

What does the baby placed on an empty chair symbolise in Brit Milah?

A

The presence of the prophet Elijah

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5
Q

What do Jews do when a loved one dies?

A

Jews make a tear in their clothes(on the right side of the chest) when they hear of the death of a loved one

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6
Q

What do Jewish children do when they hear of a parent’s death?

A

They make a tear in their clothes next to their heart. They also say a hlessing referring to God as ‘the true judge’(they accept God’s taking of the person’s life

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7
Q

Four periods of mourning

A

1) First period(24 hours)
2)Second period - Shiva(seven days- begins on day of burial)
3) Third period(lasts until 30 days after death)
4) Fourth/final period(11 months)
5) The funeral

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8
Q

First period of mourning key features

A

Close family members stay with the body until the burial

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9
Q

Shiva features

A

Week long period of intense mourning
Mourners do no work: don’t focus on appearance, sit near floor and don’t wear leather shoes
Prayer services held three times a day in home(minyan)
Mourners recite Kaddish prayer

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10
Q

Third period of mourning key features

A

Normal life resumes- mourners no longer confined to hone
Activities not in the spirit of mourning avoided(e.g. parties)

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11
Q

Fourth period of mourning features

A

Mourners don’t attend parties
Children continue to say the kaddish blessing daily in the synagogue if their parent has died

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12
Q

How is a body prepared for the funeral?

A

The body’s carefully washed, wrapped in a plain linen cloth(tallit for men), then placed in a simple coffin, to show everyone’s equal in death

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13
Q

Where do funerals take place?

A

A cemetery(a synagogue’s considered a place of living)

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14
Q

Service in funeral

A

The service takes around 20 minutes and includes prayers, readings from scripture and a speech by a rabbi.
Once the coffin’s lowered into the ground, mourners shovel Earth on top of it.
Mourners wash hands before leaving cemetery - shows they’re leaving death behind

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15
Q

What occurs after the burial in a Jewish funeral?

A

Meal of condolence(with breads and eggs) which are symbols of new life.

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16
Q

What should be placed on a grave(under Jewish law)

A

A tombstone - so person is remembered

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17
Q

Conditions for kosher food

A

1) It’s been slaughtered in accordance with Jewish law.
2) It’s been cooked and prepared in a kosher kitchen.
3)Meat and milk have not been mixed together.
4)Non kosher and kosher ingredients haven’t been mixed together

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18
Q

Passover festival

A

When God commands Jews to celebrate the escape of the ancient Jews from slavery in Egypt once a year(by the tenth plague sent by God-death of firstborn passed over houses of Jewish people, leaving them unaffected)

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19
Q

When does the Passover festival take place?

A

Early spring - celebrated over eight days

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20
Q

How do Jews prepare for passover?

A

God commands Jews to eat unleavened bread in Pesach, to remember the Israelites escaped Egypt in such a hurry they didn’t have time for their bread to rise. Preparation - remove all leaven(crumbs) from home

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21
Q

Seder meal

A

Special meal eaten on the first evening of Passover where the youngest person questions what’s special about the occasion and why certain foods are eaten and in replay the story of the Jews’ escape from Egypt is re-told from a special book

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22
Q

Five questions the youngest person asks in the Seder meal

A

1) Why is this night different from all other nights?
2) Tonight, why do we eat matzvah?
3)Tonight, why do we eat bitter herbs?
4)Tonight, why do we dip our food in salt water?
5) Tonight, why do we lean to the left as we eat?

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23
Q

Significance of wine(Seder meal)

A

Four cups of wine are drunk to remind Jews of the four times God promised freedom to the Israelites

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24
Q

Significance of dipping parsley into salt water(Seder meal)

A

Reminds Jews of sweat and tears of slaves + fresh start God gave the Israelites

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25
Q

What is Matzvah(Seder meal)?

A

Unleavened bread

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26
Q

Significance of bitter herbs(Seder meal)

A

Symbolise bitter suffering of slaves in Egypt

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27
Q

Charoset

A

A tasty mixture of chopped apples, walnuts and spices

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28
Q

Significance of charoset

A

Represents mortar used to make the bricks to build Pharaoh’s buildings
The sweet taste symbolises freedom.
The bitter herbs are dipped into the charoset.

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29
Q

Significance of roasted egg(Seder meal)

A

Symbol of harshness of Egyptians and new life offered to Jews by God(egg isn’t actually eaten)

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30
Q

Significance of lamb bone(Seder Meal)

A

Symbolises sacrifice of lamp, blood of lamp marked Israelites as people of God, but the bone wasn’t eaten

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31
Q

Brit Milah

A

Ceremony during which the foreskin of a Jewish baby boy is removed from the penis(circumcision)

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32
Q

How long does Rosh Hashanah like?

A

10 days - Jewish new year period in late September, finishes with Yom Kippur

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33
Q

Atonement

A

Jewish people trying to make up for their wrongdoings over the last year

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34
Q

Rosh Hashanah

A

Where God judges the actions of Jewish people over the last year and decides what the year ahead will be like

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35
Q

How do Jews celebrate Rosh Hashanah

A

1) A special meal at home
2) Special prayers
3) A special synagogue service
4) Yom Kippur
5) Confession in synagogue

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36
Q

Rosh Hashanah special meal at home(key features)

A

Apples dipped in honey to symbolise hopes for a sweet new year.
Pomegranates(613 seeds) to remind Jews of the importance of following the Mitzvot.
Challah bread in a round shape - symbolises crown of God’s kingship

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37
Q

Rosh Hashanah special prayer:

A

“Blessed are you O Lord our God, king of the Universe, May you renew us in a good and sweet year.”

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38
Q

Rosh Hashanah special synagogue service

A

Shofar(a ram’s horn) is blown 100 times in the synagogue to announce Rosh Hashanah.
Special service held, with extra prayers to help people reflect on actions over the last year

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39
Q

Significance of Shofar

A

Reminder God’s all powerful and must be listened to

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40
Q

Yom Kippur key features

A

No work
Fasting(25 hours)
No bathing
No wearing leather shoes
Having sex is forbidden
White is often worn as a symbol of purity
Most of the day’s spent in the synagogue

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41
Q

Significance of confession in synagogue(as part of Rosh Hashanah)

A

There’s a general confession as a community, then the doors of the Ark open for one last chance to confess sins.
The doors are then closed, signifying God’s judgement is sealed for another year.

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42
Q

Different names for synagogue

A

House of prayer/study
‘Shul’(school)- by orthodox Jews
‘Temple’(referring to centre of worship of Temple in Jerusalem for early Jews)- by reform Jews

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43
Q

Minyan

A

A group of at least 10 adults who pray together

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44
Q

How does the synagogue help educate Jews

A

1) May provide classes in Hebrew(language used in Jewish people) for young Jews
2) Library

45
Q

Ark key features

A

1) An ornamental cabinet or container where the Torah scrolls are kept
2) Reached by climbing some steps
3) Two stone tablets placed above Ark where start of each of the Ten Commandments is written

46
Q

Ark significance

A

Holiest place in synagogue
By climbing steps to reach the Ark, Jews are reminded God’s above his people and the sacred Torah’s above humanity
Represents original Ark of the Covenant(built to hold the stone tablets containing the Ten Commandments, which God gave to Moses)

47
Q

Significance of ner tamid(ever-burning light)

A

Symbolises God’s presence - never put out
Reminder of menorah lit every night in the Temple in Jerusalem

48
Q

Bimah

A

A raised platform from which the Torah’s read

49
Q

Significance of Bimah

A

Provides focal point when Torah’s read
Reminder altar was central feature of courtyard in Temple in Jerusalem

50
Q

Interior features of synagogue

A

Ark
Ner tamid
Bimah

51
Q

What do Orthodox Jews believe about roles of men and women?

A

They believe men and women should have different roles(currently all Orthodox rabbis are male)

52
Q

What do Reform Jews believe about roles of the men and women?

A

Reform Jews believe men and women should be able to undertake the same roles(meaning women in Reform Judaism can take on roles traditionally reserved for men, like becoming a rabbi.

53
Q

Orthodox services

A

Synagogues usually hold daily services.
The service is in Hebrew
Person leading service has back to congregation(facing ark)

54
Q

Reform services

A

Synagogues often do not hold daily services; the focus is on celebrating Shabbat and festivals.
The service is in Hebrew and the country’s own language.
The person leading the service faces the congregation most of the time.

55
Q

Tallit

A

A prayer shawl made from wool or silk, with a long tassel attached to each corner(the tassels represent the mitzvot).

56
Q

Tefillin

A

A pair of small leather boxes containing extracts from the Torah: one is fastened with leather straps to the centre of the forehead, and the other is wound around the upper arm in line with the heart

57
Q

Significance of tallit

A

Remains Jews they’re obeying God’s word whenever they wear it

58
Q

Significance of tefillin

A

Reminds Jews their mind should be concentrating fully on God when they pray, and their prayers should come from the heart

59
Q

Prayer services in Orthodox synagogues

A

1) Opening prayers(praise + thank God)
2) Shema
3) Amidah
4) Reading from the Torah
5) Final prayers

60
Q

What is the central prayer of Jewish worship?

A

The Amidah

61
Q

Blessings in the Amidah

A

1) The first three blessings praise God and ask for his mercy.
2)The middle thirteen blessing ask for God’s help.
3) The final three blessings thank God for the opportunity to serve him and pray for peace, goodness, kindness and compassion

62
Q

Shabbat services

A

1) On Friday evening, there is a brief service in the synagogue when Shabbat is welcomed.
2)Main service on Saturday morning, including a reading from the Torah, a sermon, prayers and blessings.
3)The congregation stands when the Ark’s opened to reveal the Torah scrolls.
4)The Torah’s taken from the Ark and dressed with a cover and various ornaments.
5)The Torah’s held in front of the congregation while verses from scripture are chanted, it’s then paraded round the synagogue.
6) When the Torah passes through the synagogue, many Jews touch it with their prayer book or the tassels on their prayer shawl, and then touch their lips.
7)After the reading’s finished, the Torah scrolls are dressed and paraded around the synagogue again, before being placed in the Ark.
8) The rabbi/visiting speaker gives a sermon

63
Q

In a Shabbat service,why does the congregation stand when the Ark’s open to reveal the Torah scrolls?

A

It’s a reminder of how the Jews stood at the bottom of Mount Sinai when Moses returned with the Ten Commandments

64
Q

In a Shabbat service, why is the Torah taken from the Ark and dressed with a cover and various ornaments?

A

Reminder of the vestments worn by priests in early Judaism

65
Q

In a Shabbat service, why’s the Torah paraded around a synagogue?

A

Represents the march through the wilderness, when Jews carried the original Ark(containing the Ten Commandments) from Mount Sinai to Jerusalem

66
Q

In a Shabbat service, why do Jews touch the Torah with their prayer book or the tassels on their prayer shawl, and then touch their lips?

A

Recalls Ezekiel 3:3, which tells Jews God’s words should be on their lips and sweet like honey

67
Q

Shabbat preparations

A

1)All the work is done and the home’s prepared before Shabbat begins on Friday evening - most types of work not allowed during Shabbat, Jews try to make homes neat to welcome in Shabbat.
2) At least two candles are placed on the table- represent two commandments to ‘remember’ and ‘observe’ shabbat.
3) Two loaves of challah bread are placed on the table- represent food God provided for the Jews on Shabbat while they were wandering in the wilderness.
4) Wine or grape juice placed on table(wine drunk from a special goblet called the Kiddush cup)- drinking Shabbat wine symbolises joy and celebration

68
Q

How’s Shabbat welcomed

A

Through the lighting of the candles:
1) A female member of the family(usually the wife) lights the two candles, shortly before sunset on Friday.
2) She waves or beckons with her arms around in the candles, then covers her eyes to say a blessing.
3)She also says a prayer asking God to bless the family.

69
Q

Special meals in Shabbat

A

1) After the Friday evening service in the synagogue
2) After the Saturday morning service in the synagogue

70
Q

Special Friday meal(Shabbat)- key features

A

1) Before the meal, the parents bless their children and the head of the household recites the Kiddush blessings while holding up the Kiddush cup.
2)To begin the meal, the bread’s blessed and passed round so everyone has a piece.
3)The meal might last for a few hours, giving the family time to relax and enjoy each other’s company.
4)After each course: religious stories/songs
5) The meal ends with a prayer of thanksgiving for the food,

71
Q

What is the end of Shabbat marked by?

A

The havdalah service

72
Q

Havdalah service key features

A

1) Performed at home after the sun has set.
2) Blessings are performed over a cup of wine, sweet smelling spices and a candle with several wicks.
3) The spices and candle are believed to soothe and bring light to the house after Shabbat has ended.

73
Q

How many times a day are Jews expected to pray?

A

3 times a day

74
Q

Mezuzah

A

A small box containing a handwritten scroll of verses from the Torah, which is attached to a doorpost

75
Q

Main Jewish sacred text

A

Tenakh

76
Q

How many books are in the Tenakh?

A

24(all found in the Old Testament)

77
Q

Three parts of Tenakh

A

1) Torah
2) Nevi’im
3)Ketuvim

78
Q

Torah

A

Five books of Moses, which form the basis of Jewish law

79
Q

Nevi’im

A

Eight books by the Prophets that continue to trace Jewish history and expand on the laws in the Torah

80
Q

Ketuvim

A

Eleven books that contain a collection of poetry, stories, advice, historical accounts and more

81
Q

Talmud

A

A commentary by the early rabbis on the Torah

82
Q

Main parts of the Talmud

A

1) Mishnah
2) Gemara

83
Q

Mishnah

A

A written commentary on the Torah compiled by Rabbi Judah Ha’Nasi in 200CE

84
Q

Gemara

A

A collection of discussions on the Mishnah, written down in 500CE

85
Q

Ceremonies for newborn Jews

A

Naming ceremony
Brit Milah
Redemption of the firstborn son

86
Q

Naming ceremony key features

A

1) Boys and girls born into Orthodox families are blessed in the synagogue on the first Shabbat after their birth.
2) Their father recites the Torah blessing, and asks God for the good health of his wife and baby.
3) A baby’s girl name will be announced at this point.
4) A boy will be named later at his circumcision.
5) In Reform synagogues, both parents will take part in the naming ceremony, which may not necessarily be held on the first Shabbat after the child’s birth

87
Q

Redemption of the firstborn son key features

A

1) Some Orthodox Jews give a small amount of money 31 days after the birth of their firstborn son, to redeem him from Temple service.
2)Five silver coins are given to a kohen(a descendant of the priests who used to work in the Temple)
3)Prayers said for the child to ‘enter into Torah, into marriage and into good deeds’

88
Q

Significance of the Redemption of the Firstborn son

A

This tradition comes from the command to have the first-born of man redeemed by giving a redemption price of five shekels(Numbers 18:15-16(

89
Q

Bar Mitzvah key features

A

1) At the first Shabbat after his thirteenth birthday, the boy reads from the Torah at the normal service in the synagogue.
2) The boy wears a tallit for the first time, may lead part of the service and makes a short speech.
3) The boy’s father declares his son as responsible for his own actions.
4)After this service, this is often a celebratory meal or party.

90
Q

Bat Mitzvah features

A

1) The girl reads from the Torah, gives a short speech and may lead part of the service in the synagogue.
2)Followed by celebratory meal/party

91
Q

When do Jewish wedding take place?

A

In the synagogue/a venue such as a hotel, on any day except Shabbat or a festival

92
Q

Steps of marriage(for Jews)

A

1) Before the wedding
2) The betrothal ceremony
3)The marriage contract
4) The marriage itself
5) The wedding reception

93
Q

Betrothal

A

Refers to a year-long period of time before the wedding ceremony when the couple are engaged or promised to each other

94
Q

Before the wedding(key features in a marriage)

A

The couple may fast before the wedding to cleanse themselves of sin and come to the ceremony with the right attitude.

95
Q

Betrothal ceremony(key features)

A

1) The bride joins the groom underneath the chuppah, which is a canopy that symbolises the couple’s home.
2) The bride and groom recite two blessings over wine, and in Orthodox weddings the groom places a plain ring on the bride’s finger(Reform couples usually exchange rings)

96
Q

Marriage contract features for Orthodox Jews

A

Covers aspects like the husband’s duties to his wife, the conditions of inheritance upon his death and how he will provide for his wife if they get divorced.

97
Q

Marriage contract features for Reform Jews

A

The marriage contract usually focuses on spiritual aspirations rather than legal rights.

98
Q

Marriage itself(key features)

A

1) Seven wedding blessings are recited.
2)The rabbi makes a short speech and blesses the couple in front of the congregation.
3)The groom breaks a glass under his heel to show regret for the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem
4) The congregation wishes the couple good luck.

99
Q

Wedding reception key features

A

After the ceremony, the couple spend a short time together in a private room

100
Q

Significance of marriage for Jews

A

Creates a spiritual bond between a couple, where two souls are fused to become one(Genesis 2:24)

101
Q

How do children mark the anniversary of a parent’s death!

A

By lighting a candle each year that burns for 24 hours

102
Q

Trefah

A

Food unacceptable to eat

103
Q

How must Kosher animals be killed?

A

The animal must be slaughtered with a very sharp knife by a trained Jew.
The animal has to be conscious when it’s killed.
Blood is drained from the aninal as Jews are not permitted to consume food containing blood

104
Q

Conditions for kosher

A

1) Dairy produce
2) Is it washed free from bugs
3)Come from a Kosher animal
4)Has to be poultry e.g. chicken or turkey
5)Water animal with fins and scales
6) Land animal that eats grass and has split hooves

105
Q

What does Rosh Hashanah remember?

A

The anniversary of the day on which God created humans - day of judgement

106
Q

Holiest day in Jewish calendar

A

Yom Kippur

107
Q

Importance of green vegetable(Parsley) in Seder meal

A

Symbolises new life in the Promised Land

108
Q

Passover=

A

Pesach

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