Julies Lectures

Question 1

In what eon did plants evolve?

Answer 1

Silurian

Question 2

What are the steps in evolution for plants?

Answer 2

Algae - Lignified - Woody - Secondary Growth - Cuticle - Evolution of Seeds - Fruit

Question 3

What are the four extant plant species?

Answer 3

Bryohpytes, Seedless Vascular Plants, Gymnosperns, Angiosperms

Question 4

What don’t gymnosperms produce?

Answer 4

Seeds or flowers

Question 5

What is the requirement for a species?

Answer 5

Must disperse in space and reproduce

Question 6

Why is sex not ubititiqous?

Answer 6

Things like bacteria reproduce without sex

Question 7

What are the three animal domains?

Answer 7

Bacteria, Archea, Eukaryota

Question 8

What are the four Kindom domains?

Answer 8

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

Question 9

What is the life cycle for plants?

Answer 9

Meiosis - Gameotophyte - Gameotogenesis - Syngamy - zygote - sporophyte

Question 10

What is the product of meiosis in plants?

Answer 10

Spores

Question 11

Why do plants differ?

Answer 11

They differ because they spend different times in each stage of life

Question 12

What is a plant called in terms of its life cycle?

Answer 12

Haplodiploidtonic

Question 13

What are three examples of a bryophyte?

Answer 13

Hornworts, liveworts, moss

Question 14

What plant is gameteophyte dominant?

Answer 14

Moss

Question 15

What are some elements of a moss plant, which place it in the bryophyte category of plants?

Answer 15

Lacks a cuticle, Leaves have no true vascular tissue, Cells are undifferentiated

Question 16

What is the role of rhiozoids for the moss plant?

Answer 16

Anchor the moss to the earth

Question 17

What three reproductive products of a plants life cycle are identical?

Answer 17

Spores, gametophyte, gametes

Question 18

What part of the moss plant produces gametes?

Answer 18

Gametangia

Question 19

What is the role of splash cups?

Answer 19

These are modified leaves which enclose around the gametangia. They collect water

Question 20

What part of a plant produces spores?

Answer 20

Archagonian

Question 21

What type of zygote do bryophyte plants produce?

Answer 21

Unbranched Sporophyte with sporangium

Question 22

What are some key innovations of the seedless vascular plant?

Answer 22

Sporophyte dominant. Sporophytes can branch, Sporophyte have vascular tissue.

Question 23

What is heterospory?

Answer 23

A plant having larger spores giving rise to females and smaller spores giving rise to males

Question 24

What tissue allows ferns to grow tall?

Answer 24

Vascular tissue

Question 25

What is spori?

Answer 25

Clusters of sporangia on a fern

Question 26

What are gametangia and why are they on the bottom side of the leaf?

Answer 26

They are gamete producers. They rely on water in order to collect sperm and become fertilized

Question 27

What are the ferns sex organisms? Which one matures first?

Answer 27

Antheredia - male mature first | Archagonia - female

Question 28

What is a homospore?

Answer 28

A sole type of spore on a plant

Question 29

What are the key characteristics of Gymnosperms?

Answer 29

Naked seed. Further reduction of the gametophyte stage. Sperm lose flagella (can reporduce without water) Secondary growth

Question 30

What is a seed?

Answer 30

A mature ovule containing an embryo

Question 31

Where is the female gametophyte in a gymnosperm?

Answer 31

Sporangium on sporophyte

Question 32

What is the gymnosperm seeded coated in? What are some advantages of this?

Answer 32

3 generations. food store, prolongs survival, easily transported.

Question 33

What is the ovule?

Answer 33

A device which gives rise to and contains female reproductive cells

Question 34

What are the parts of an ovule?

Answer 34

Integument - outer layer Nucleus - remenant of megasporium Female gametophyte - formed from haploid monophyte - in centre

Question 35

What is pollination?

Answer 35

The transfer of pollen grains from pollen sack to ovule

Question 36

What are advantages of the gymnosperm being able to grow tall?

Answer 36

Pollen dispersal, Seed dispersal, Light Competition. Has to deal with dessicaiton

Question 37

What type of leaves do gymnosperms have?

Answer 37

Xerophyte leaves

Question 38

What are characteristics of angiosperms?

Answer 38

Diverse, 1 phylum, most recently evolved, most derived

Question 39

What are three examples of angiosperms?

Answer 39

Carnivorous, Autotrophic, Parasitic, Myconeterotrophic

Question 40

Where is ovule stored in an angiosperm?

Answer 40

Ovary - fruit

Question 41

How many intuegumen does an angiosperm have?

Answer 41

2

Question 42

What are some key innovations of angiosperms?

Answer 42

Flowers, fruits, loss of gametangia, phloem have companion cells

Question 43

Where are pollen sacks located in angiosperms?

Answer 43

Stamen

Question 44

What holds pollen sacks in angiosperms?

Answer 44

Anthers

Question 45

What are fruit?

Answer 45

Mature ovary containing seed

Question 46

What type of ploidy is a embryo sac?

Answer 46

Triploid

Question 47

What is an endosporum?

Answer 47

Seed storage tissue

Question 48

What are heterotrophs?

Answer 48

Require food

Question 49

What is the structural filaments of fungi?

Answer 49

hyphae

Question 50

What is Saprotrophic?

Answer 50

Break down things external to the body and absorb it

Question 51

What are the two types of hypha?

Answer 51

Septate, Coenocytic

Question 52

What is the role of septum?

Answer 52

Break up cell walls. Make them stronger

Question 53

What is a sporocarp?

Answer 53

Mushroom as a spore producer for fungi

Question 54

What is mycelium?

Answer 54

Network of hyphae

Question 55

What is flagella?

Answer 55

Whip like extrusions from cell body

Question 56

What is thalli?

Answer 56

body of the fundi - usually a mycelium

Question 57

What are the spores of chytrids?

Answer 57

zoospores

Question 58

What is the ploidy of asexual chytrid spores?

Answer 58

2n

Question 59

What is Heterokaryosis?

Answer 59

The state of having 2 or more genetically different nuclei in the same cell

Question 60

What is plasmogamy?

Answer 60

The fusing of two cells cytoplasm

Question 61

What is Karyogamy?

Answer 61

The fusing of two cells nuclei

Question 62

What is a binucleate cell?

Answer 62

It is a cell with n + n. It is neither haploid nor diploid

Question 63

What are the spores of Zygomycota called?

Answer 63

Zygosporangia