June 5, 2025 morning pt 2 (rules and exceptions for plurals)

Question 1

General rule for masculine nouns regardless of ending (i.e., o, e or a)

Answer 1

last vowel changes to -i

Question 2

General rule for feminine nouns ending in -a

Answer 2

change to -e
e.g., le scuole

Question 3

general rule for feminine nouns ending in -e

Answer 3

change to -i
e.g., le chiavi

Question 4

general rule for feminine nouns ending in -tá

Answer 4

no change
le libertá

Question 5

general rule for feminine nouns ending in tú

Answer 5

no change
e.g., le virtú

Question 6

general rule for feminine nouns ending in -i

Answer 6

no change
e.g., le crisi

Question 7

general rule for feminine nouns ending in -o

Answer 7

change to -i
e.g., la mano becomes le mani

Question 8

general rule for words that are “imported” from other languages

Answer 8

no change
e.g., il film becomes i film

Question 9

general rule for monosyllabic words

Answer 9

no change
e.g., il re, i re

Question 10

general rule for short versions of longer words

Answer 10

no change
e.g., la foto is le foto

Question 11

forming the plural for masculine nouns that end in -io

Answer 11

unless the accent is on the -io, you drop the -o in the plural
e.g., il figlio, i figli

if the accent is on the io, then you drop the o but add another i
e.g., il zio, i zii

Question 12

forming the plural for masculine nouns that end in -co or -go

Answer 12

(i) if the accent is on the penultimate syllable, add -ch and change -o to -i
e.g., il cuoco, i cuochi; l’albergo, gli alberghi

(ii) if the accent is a syllable preceding the penultimate syllable, keep the -c or -g
e.g., il medico, i medici; lo psicologi, gli psicologi

Question 13

forming the plural for feminine nouns that end in -ca or -ga

Answer 13

becomes -che or -ghe
e.g., la banca, le banche
la droga, le droghe

Question 14

forming the plural for feminine nouns that end in -cia

Answer 14

changes to -cie
e.g., la farmacia, le farmacie

Question 15

forming the plural for feminine nouns where a vowel precedes -cia or -gia

Answer 15

changes to -cie
e.g., la camicia, le camicie
la valigia, le valigie

Question 16

forming the plural for feminine nouns where a consonant precedes -cia or -gia

Answer 16

drop the -i; in other words becomes -ce or -ge
e.g., l’arancia, le arance
la pioggia, le piogge

Question 17

when to us “gli” for plural

Answer 17

follows the same rule for “lo” in the singular, i.e., (i) where the noun begins with s followed by a consonant, (ii) where the noun begins with x, y or z, (iii) where the noun begins with gn, ps or pn and (iv) where the noun begins with a vowel (e.g., l’uomo, gli uomini)