Justice - CF Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
What is the communitarian critique of Rawls’ theory of justice?
A
The communitarian critique argues that Rawls’ concept of the ‘liberal self’ is overly individualistic, neglecting the importance of community, social relationships, and cultural context in shaping individual identities and values.
2
Q
What is the entitlement theory of justice?
A
The entitlement theory, proposed by Robert Nozick, asserts that individuals are entitled to their holdings as long as they were acquired through just means, emphasizing property rights and rejecting patterned theories of distribution.
3
Q
How has Rawls enriched the idea of justice in liberalism?
A
John Rawls has enriched the idea of justice by introducing concepts like the ‘original position’ and the ‘veil of ignorance,’ which provide a framework for determining fair and impartial principles of justice.
4
Q
What are the key aspects of distributive justice?
A
Distributive justice concerns the fair allocation of resources and benefits within society, addressing how goods, wealth, and opportunities should be distributed among individuals and groups.
5
Q
What is the difference principle in Rawls’ theory of justice?
A
The difference principle states that social and economic inequalities are to be arranged to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society.
6
Q
What is the original position in Rawls’ theory of justice?
A
The original position is a hypothetical scenario where individuals, behind a ‘veil of ignorance,’ determine the principles of justice that should govern society.
7
Q
What is the distributive idea of justice?
A
The distributive idea of justice addresses the fair distribution of resources, benefits, and burdens in society.
8
Q
What does the equality criterion in distributive justice advocate for?
A
The equality criterion advocates for an equal distribution of resources among all members of society.
9
Q
How does the need criterion influence the distribution of resources?
A
The need criterion argues that resources should be distributed based on individual needs, addressing issues like poverty.
10
Q
What is the merit criterion in the context of distributive justice?
A
The merit criterion suggests distribution according to individual effort, abilities, and societal contributions.
11
Q
What does the contribution criterion emphasize in resource distribution?
A
The contribution criterion emphasizes distribution based on societal contributions through labor or participation.
12
Q
What is the focus of the desert criterion in distributive justice?
A
The desert criterion focuses on what individuals deserve based on their actions and moral choices.
13
Q
What does the equality of opportunity criterion stress?
A
The equality of opportunity criterion stresses the importance of equal access to opportunities for success.
14
Q
What is Rawlsian justice and its key principles?
A
Rawlsian justice includes the ‘veil of ignorance’ and the ‘difference principle,’ advocating for a society designed to benefit everyone, especially the least advantaged.
15
Q
What is the main idea of utilitarianism in the context of distributive justice?
A
Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing societal happiness or welfare, suggesting resources be allocated to enhance overall well-being.
16
Q
What is Libertarianism in the context of resource distribution?
A
Libertarianism highlights individual liberty and property rights, arguing for minimal governmental role in redistribution.
17
Q
Who is Robert Nozick and what is his view on individual rights?
A
Robert Nozick argues that individuals have rights that must not be violated by others, advocating for minimal government intervention.
18
Q
What does Communitarianism emphasize in resource distribution?
A
Communitarianism emphasizes community and shared values in resource distribution, prioritizing communal well-being.
19
Q
What is Procedural Justice?
A
Procedural justice focuses on the fairness and legitimacy of the processes by which decisions are made.
20
Q
What are the key principles of Procedural Justice?
A
Key principles include Fair Process, Voice and Participation, and Neutrality of Decision-Makers.
21
Q
What does Fair Process entail in Procedural Justice?
A
Fair Process requires that decision-making processes be fair, transparent, and impartial.
22
Q
Why is Voice and Participation important in Procedural Justice?
A
Voice and Participation allow individuals affected by a decision to express their concerns and perspectives.
23
Q
What is the significance of Neutrality of Decision-Makers in Procedural Justice?
A
Neutrality ensures that decision-makers are impartial and free from conflicts of interest.
24
Q
What is the significance of impartial judges in procedural justice?
A
Impartial judges ensure that decisions are not influenced by personal biases.
25
How does consistency in decision-making contribute to procedural justice?
Consistency requires that similar cases be treated similarly, establishing trust within a system.
26
What role does transparency play in procedural justice?
Transparency allows individuals to understand how decisions are made, promoting fairness.
27
Why is the right to appeal important in procedural justice?
The right to appeal provides individuals with a mechanism to correct errors and address grievances.
28
What is the importance of impartial enforcement of rules in procedural justice?
Impartial enforcement ensures that laws are applied consistently and without bias.
29
How does procedural justice enhance legitimacy and trust in institutions?
When procedural justice is upheld, it enhances the legitimacy of institutions, leading to greater trust.
30
What is a criticism of procedural justice regarding its focus on processes?
Critics argue that procedural justice overemphasizes fair procedures at the expense of actual outcomes.
31
What is the potential to maintain injustice in procedural justice?
Procedural justice can legitimize unjust systems if fair procedures are followed while underlying rules remain unjust.
32
How does Duncan Kennedy critique procedural justice?
Duncan Kennedy argues that a procedure concentrating power in the hands of oppressors is not just.
33
What challenges do marginalized groups face in accessing procedural justice?
Marginalized groups may struggle to access procedural justice due to limited resources or systemic barriers.
34
What is the resource-intensive nature of procedural justice?
Implementing fair procedures can be costly and lead to inefficiencies.
35
How does cultural variability affect procedural justice?
Procedural justice may not account for cultural differences, potentially leading to insensitivity.
36
Why is procedural justice considered ineffective against structural injustice?
Procedural justice may not address root causes of structural injustices.
37
What is the instrumental use of procedural justice in institutions?
Some institutions may adopt procedural justice for compliance rather than a genuine commitment to fairness.
38
What is Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's idea of social justice?
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's idea focuses on addressing historical inequalities, particularly related to the caste system.
39
What is substantive justice?
Substantive justice focuses on the fairness of actual outcomes, emphasizing equity and fair distribution.
40
What does Ambedkar mean by the annihilation of caste?
The annihilation of caste refers to the complete elimination of the caste system as a prerequisite for achieving social justice.
41
How does substantive justice differ from procedural justice?
Substantive justice focuses on the fairness of outcomes, while procedural justice concerns the fairness of processes.
42
What role does education play in Ambedkar's vision of social justice?
Education is seen as crucial for empowering marginalized communities and achieving social upliftment.
43
What is the significance of John Rawls' quote regarding fair rules?
The fairest rules are those to which everyone would agree if they did not know how much power they were going to have.
44
What does substantive justice seek to achieve?
Substantive justice seeks to correct existing injustices, particularly those from historical factors.
45
How does Iris Marion Young define the response to structural injustice?
Justice requires responding to structural injustice by changing the structures themselves.
46
What is the role of rights and entitlements in justice according to Robert Nozick?
Nozick discusses the importance of respecting individual rights that must not be violated.
47
How does John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism relate to social welfare?
Mill's utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall well-being, stating that the greatest happiness is the foundation of morals.
48
What role do ethical principles play in determining just outcomes?
Ethical principles and theories are drawn upon to determine what constitutes a just outcome.
49
What is the Difference Principle in John Rawls' theory of justice?
The Difference Principle highlights the state's role in creating a fair society through equitable redistribution.
50
What is the original position in Rawls' theory of justice?
The original position encourages impartiality in determining principles of justice behind a 'veil of ignorance.'
51
What is the veil of ignorance in the context of Rawls' original position?
The veil of ignorance ensures individuals are unaware of their advantages or disadvantages, eliminating bias.
52
How does the original position promote impartial decision-making?
It compels individuals to choose principles without knowing their circumstances, ensuring fairness.
53
What is the significance of fairness in Rawls' original position?
Fairness ensures that the principles of justice are just for all members of society.
54
What principles does Rawls derive from the original position?
Rawls derives principles such as equal basic liberties and the difference principle.
55
What is the concept of the 'veil of ignorance' in Rawls' theory of justice?
The 'veil of ignorance' prompts individuals to create principles of justice from an impartial standpoint.
56
How does Rawls critique utilitarianism?
Rawls critiques utilitarianism for lacking impartiality and fairness, potentially sacrificing individual rights.
57
What is the First Principle of Justice according to Rawls?
The First Principle states that each person has an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with others.
58
What are the implications of utilitarianism's focus on overall happiness?
Utilitarianism's focus can lead to unjust outcomes by neglecting how happiness is distributed.
59
What is the significance of equal basic liberties in Rawls' theory?
Equal basic liberties establish a foundation for a just society, ensuring equal access to rights.
60
What is the Difference Principle according to John Rawls?
The Difference Principle states that inequalities should benefit the least advantaged members of society.
61
How does the Difference Principle justify economic disparities?
It allows for income disparities as long as they improve the well-being of the most vulnerable.
62
What is a criticism of the Difference Principle?
Critics argue it may be impractical to implement in complex societies due to potential economic inefficiencies.
63
How does progressive taxation align with the Difference Principle?
Progressive taxation funds social programs that benefit the less fortunate, aligning with the Difference Principle.
64
What role do subsidized education and healthcare play in the Difference Principle?
They provide affordable access to services that improve the well-being of disadvantaged individuals.
65
What is the principle of Fair Equality of Opportunity in Rawls' theory of justice?
Fair Equality of Opportunity ensures everyone has an equal chance to access opportunities irrespective of background.
66
What is the Maximin Rule in Rawls' theory of justice?
The Maximin Rule directs decision-makers to prioritize options that improve the conditions of the worst-off group.
67
How does Fair Equality of Opportunity promote social mobility?
It allows individuals to transcend their circumstances based on merit and effort.
68
What challenges are associated with implementing Fair Equality of Opportunity?
Challenges include addressing systemic injustices and eradicating biases in education and employment.
69
What is the significance of the Maximin Rule in societal decision-making?
The Maximin Rule emphasizes protecting the least advantaged, aligning with Rawls' vision of a fair society.
70
What is the maximin rule in Rawls' framework for justice?
The maximin rule advocates for societal structures that safeguard the most vulnerable populations.
71
What is the significance of the Maximin Rule in societal decision-making?
The Maximin Rule emphasizes protecting the least advantaged, aligning with Rawls' vision of a fair society and preventing the neglect of vulnerable groups, while also presenting complex trade-offs in balancing broader societal interests.
72
What is the maximin rule in Rawls' framework for justice?
The maximin rule is a principle that advocates for societal structures that safeguard the most vulnerable populations, prioritizing the worst-off in society to promote equity.
73
What is reflective equilibrium according to John Rawls?
Reflective equilibrium is a process where individuals adjust their beliefs about justice until their moral intuitions align with philosophical principles, creating a balanced and coherent moral framework.
74
What are the challenges associated with achieving reflective equilibrium?
Challenges include the need for extensive dialogue, potential for protracted disagreements, and difficulties in aligning diverse moral intuitions and philosophical views within a community.
75
What is a primary criticism of Rawls' theory of justice?
A primary criticism is that Rawls' theory is considered overly idealistic, operating in a hypothetical realm that does not necessarily reflect the complexities of real-world societies.
76
What is the criticism regarding Rawls' theory's consideration of cultural diversity?
Critics argue that Rawls' theory has limited consideration of cultural diversity, potentially prioritizing a specific Western conception of justice and neglecting the diverse values and beliefs present in multicultural societies.
77
How does globalization challenge Rawls' theory of justice?
Globalization presents challenges for Rawls' theory as critics argue it may not adequately address global justice issues, including global inequalities, transnational problems, and the distribution of resources at the international level.
78
What are the implementation challenges of Rawls' principles in practice?
Implementing Rawls' principles can be complex, particularly in determining concrete policies that adhere to the Difference Principle and guarantee equal basic liberties, raising questions about balancing individual freedoms and economic redistribution.
79
What ongoing debates exist regarding justice in multicultural societies in relation to Rawls' theory?
The ongoing debate focuses on how to reconcile Rawls' theory with the demands of justice in multicultural societies, exploring ways to adapt his principles to accommodate diverse cultural perspectives while maintaining a commitment to justice.
80
What is the significance of the ongoing debate about global justice in the context of Rawls' ideas?
The ongoing debate about global justice is significant as philosophers and policymakers seek to extend Rawls' ideas to address pressing issues like global inequalities, climate change, and international cooperation in a globalized world.
81
What is the communitarian critique of Rawls' theory of justice?
The communitarian critique focuses on Rawls' abstract, individualistic approach and the neutrality of his principles, arguing that it neglects the communal aspects of human life and the importance of common goods.
82
What is the original position in Rawls' theory of justice?
The original position is a hypothetical scenario where individuals choose principles of justice under a veil of ignorance, unaware of their personal identities or life circumstances, which is critiqued for being unrealistic.
83
How does Michael Sandel critique Rawls' concept of the original position?
Michael Sandel argues that the original position is fundamentally flawed because individuals cannot be detached from their personal identities and communal affiliations, which shape their values and aspirations.
84
What does Charles Taylor emphasize in his critique of Rawls' theory?
Charles Taylor emphasizes the role of community in shaping individual identity, arguing that Rawls' theory underestimates how values and ideals are derived from communal traditions.
85
What are the ongoing debates surrounding the implementation of Rawls' principles?
Ongoing debates focus on which policies and institutions align with Rawlsian justice and how to ensure that these policies are fair and effective, balancing equality and individual liberties.
86
What is the significance of the common good in Alasdair MacIntyre's critique of Rawls' theory?
MacIntyre emphasizes the importance of the common good, arguing that Rawls' theory sidelines it in favor of individual rights, and advocates for a virtue-based ethics grounded in communal practices.
87
How does Amitai Etzioni's view of the relational self differ from the atomistic self in Rawls' approach?
Etzioni focuses on the relational aspect of the self, arguing that societal obligations and communal bonds are foundational to individual identity and conceptions of justice, critiquing the overemphasis on individual autonomy and rights.
88
What is C.B. Macpherson's critique regarding negative freedom in Rawls' theory of justice?
Macpherson argues that Rawls' theory operates within the confines of negative freedom and liberal individualism, failing to fundamentally challenge the concept of negative freedom, which is the absence of external constraints on individual actions.
89
What do communitarian critics argue about the relationship between individual rights and community values in Rawls' theory?
Communitarian critics argue that Rawls' focus on individual rights neglects the importance of communal values and shared identities, asserting that justice cannot be divorced from the cultural, social, and historical context in which it operates.
90
How does Macpherson's critique address economic inequalities in Rawls' Difference Principle?
Macpherson critiques Rawls for not adequately addressing economic inequalities, arguing that the Difference Principle allows for significant disparities in wealth as long as they benefit the least advantaged, potentially perpetuating social hierarchies.
91
What is the communitarian perspective on justice?
Communitarians propose that justice should emerge from within communities, emphasizing shared values and deliberation, arguing that justice cannot be imposed from outside but should be a product of communal self-determination.
92
How do communitarian thinkers like Charles Taylor view the role of shared ends in a just society?
Charles Taylor argues that a just society should emphasize shared ends and values rather than merely securing individual rights, suggesting that Rawlsian justice may lead to isolated individuals without a common purpose.
93
What is the libertarian critique of Rawls' theory of justice?
Libertarians, influenced by thinkers like Robert Nozick and Friedrich Hayek, critique Rawlsian justice by emphasizing individual liberty, property rights, and limited government intervention, arguing that redistribution of wealth violates individual rights.
94
What does Robert Nozick argue regarding individual liberty in relation to Rawls' theory?
Nozick contends that Rawls' theory does not give primary importance to individual liberty and that any redistribution of wealth can be seen as a violation of individual property rights and freedom.
95
What is Friedrich Hayek's view on the redistribution of wealth as a means of achieving justice?
Hayek critiques Rawls for advocating redistribution, arguing it leads to economic inefficiencies, disincentivizes individual effort, and ultimately results in more harm than good.
96
How do libertarians view government intervention in relation to individual rights?
Libertarians, like Nozick, argue for limited government intervention, asserting that individuals have rights that should not be violated by any person or group, emphasizing the primacy of individual liberty.
97
What is Nozick's critique of Rawls' theory regarding the role of the state?
Nozick believed that Rawls' principles justify an overly interventionist government that infringes upon individual rights and freedoms in the name of social justice.
98
How do libertarians view government involvement in healthcare according to the text?
Libertarians argue for less government involvement in healthcare, emphasizing individual choices and private market solutions, contending that extensive government regulation can stifle innovation and individual healthcare choices.
99
What does Nozick mean by 'voluntary transactions' in a just society?
Nozick emphasized the importance of voluntary transactions and exchanges, contending that Rawlsian principles advocating for income redistribution and taxation can violate the voluntary nature of exchanges and property rights.
100
What is Hayek's criticism of Rawls regarding efficiency and equality?
Hayek criticized Rawls for prioritizing equality over efficiency, arguing that the pursuit of equality through government intervention can lead to economic inefficiencies and a decline in overall prosperity.
101
Why does Nozick consider property rights fundamental to individual freedom?
Nozick's libertarian philosophy emphasizes that property rights are fundamental to individual freedom and justice, arguing that Rawls' theory does not adequately protect these rights and advocates for their infringement through taxation and wealth redistribution.
102
What is the significance of the freedom to choose one's ends according to Hayek?
Hayek argued that individuals should have the freedom to choose their own ends, including economic pursuits, and that Rawls' theory places restrictions on these freedoms in the name of equality.
103
What is the libertarian critique of Rawls' theory of justice?
The libertarian critique of Rawls' theory of justice, as presented by scholars like Robert Nozick and Friedrich Hayek, centers on the primacy of individual liberty, property rights, limited government intervention, and the potential injustice of wealth redistribution, arguing that Rawls' principles may infringe upon individual freedoms and create economic inefficiencies in the pursuit of equality.
104
What are the three main principles of Nozick's Entitlement Theory?
Nozick's Entitlement Theory can be summarized in three main principles: 1. The Principle of Justice in Acquisition, which states individuals have a right to acquire property through legitimate means; 2. The Principle of Justice in Transfer, which asserts individuals may freely transfer holdings through consensual exchanges; 3. The Principle of Rectification, which acknowledges the need for a minimal state to rectify historical injustices without engaging in wealth redistribution.
105
How do Rawls and Nozick differ in their views on equality and liberty?
Rawls emphasizes equality and the well-being of the least advantaged, advocating for the 'difference principle' for just inequalities, while Nozick prioritizes individual liberty and property rights, advocating for the protection of individual rights.
106
What is Rawls' stance on wealth redistribution compared to Nozick's?
Rawls supports wealth redistribution for greater equality, especially for the least advantaged, while Nozick opposes forced redistribution and emphasizes legitimate property holdings, arguing against policies like welfare programs and progressive taxation as violations of property rights.
107
What is the role of the state according to Rawls' theory of justice?
Rawls envisions an active state that corrects social and economic inequalities and ensures justice and fairness.
108
What is Nozick's perspective on the role of the state?
Nozick advocates for a minimal state that primarily protects individual rights and enforces property rights.
109
How do Rawls and Nozick differ in their views on justice and historical entitlement?
Rawls focuses on principles of justice and fair distribution of resources, while Nozick emphasizes the historical process of property acquisition and legitimacy.
110
What is the feminist critique of Rawls' theory of justice regarding gender blindness?
Feminist scholars argue that Rawls' theory is gender-blind, as it does not account for gender as a factor influencing individuals' positions in society, perpetuating gender inequalities.
111
What issue does Nancy Fraser highlight in relation to unpaid labor in Rawls' framework?
Nancy Fraser emphasizes that Rawls' concept of justice overlooks the value and recognition of unpaid domestic labor, which is primarily performed by women, reinforcing gender inequalities.
112
What does Catharine MacKinnon argue about gender-based oppression in relation to Rawls' theory?
MacKinnon contends that Rawls' theory does not explicitly address systemic gender-based oppression, which is a significant source of social power and control.
113
What is gender-based oppression in the context of Rawls' principles?
Gender-based oppression includes forms such as patriarchy, misogyny, and violence against women, which are not adequately integrated into Rawls' principles, leading to a lack of a comprehensive framework for addressing gender-based inequalities and injustices in society.
114
What does Kimberlé Crenshaw's theory of intersectionality emphasize?
Kimberlé Crenshaw's intersectionality theory emphasizes the importance of considering how gender intersects with other aspects of identity, such as race and class, highlighting the complexities of multiple forms of oppression and their interconnectedness.
115
How does Martha Nussbaum's capabilities approach relate to women's autonomy?
Martha Nussbaum's capabilities approach focuses on real freedoms and substantive opportunities, emphasizing that reproductive rights and decisions are fundamental aspects of women's autonomy, which may not be adequately addressed in Rawls' theory.
116
What is the Marxist critique of Rawls' theory regarding its reformist nature?
Marxist critics argue that Rawls' theory seeks to reform capitalism rather than fundamentally challenge it, viewing it as a theory of justice that operates within a system that inherently produces inequality.
117
How do Marxists view Rawls' preservation of capitalist property relations?
Marxists assert that Rawls' theory preserves private property, a cornerstone of capitalism, which perpetuates economic disparities, arguing that true justice requires collective ownership of the means of production.
118
What is the significance of class struggle in the context of Rawls' theory according to Marxist critics?
Marxist critics argue that Rawls' theory neglects class struggle, which is essential for understanding and addressing the root causes of economic inequality and injustice within capitalist systems.
119
What do Marxist critics argue about Rawls' focus on abstract principles of justice?
Marxist critics argue that Rawls' focus on abstract principles of justice obscures the material struggles of the working class for better conditions and a fair share of the wealth they produce, overlooking the fundamental role of class struggle in shaping society.
120
How do Marxist critics view the commodification of labor in relation to Rawls' theory?
Marxist critics contend that Rawls' theory does not adequately address the commodification of labor under capitalism, where labor is treated as a commodity leading to exploitation and alienation, and that Rawls merely tinkers with the distribution of commodities without confronting this issue.
121
What is the Marxist critique of Rawls' nation-centric focus on justice?
Marxists argue that Rawls' nation-centric focus cannot address global economic exploitation and inequality, as capitalism operates on a global scale with multinational corporations and global economic disparities that are not adequately addressed within Rawls' framework.
122
What is the criticism regarding the Original Position in Rawls' theory?
Critics, including Robert Nozick, argue that Rawls' Original Position, where individuals make decisions behind a 'veil of ignorance', is unrealistic and does not reflect real-world decision-making.
123
How does Rawls respond to the criticism of the Original Position being unrealistic?
Rawls acknowledges that the Original Position is a thought experiment, arguing that it serves as a useful tool for reasoning about justice by abstracting from particular biases and self-interest, despite its idealized nature.
124
What is the significance of Rawls' second principle in his theory of justice?
Rawls' second principle, the difference principle, allows for inequalities in the distribution of goods and resources as long as they benefit the least advantaged in society.
125
How does the Marxist critique of Rawls' theory of justice differ from Rawls' approach?
The Marxist critique argues that Rawls' approach is insufficiently transformative and does not challenge the fundamental structures of capitalism, instead seeking to mitigate its negative effects rather than fundamentally change the system.
126
What is the concept of 'overlapping consensus' in Rawls' later works?
The concept of 'overlapping consensus' suggests that people from diverse cultural and philosophical backgrounds can find common ground and agree on a set of basic principles of justice that respect their differing comprehensive doctrines.
127
What limitations did Rawls recognize in his primary goods approach to justice?
Rawls acknowledged that his primary goods approach is overly centered on resources and neglects the conversion factor, which is the effectiveness with which resources are transformed into valuable ends, and he recognized the need for different principles for global and intergenerational justice.
128
Why is Rawls' concept of justice as fairness still relevant today?
Rawls' concept of justice as fairness, which emphasizes the fair distribution of goods and opportunities, remains relevant in contemporary discussions about income inequality, social justice, and economic disparities.
129
What are Basic Liberties in Rawls' theory?
Basic Liberties refer to the principle in Rawls' theory that ensures the protection of individual rights and freedoms, particularly in the context of civil liberties, freedom of expression, and privacy.
130
How does Rawls address Cultural and Religious Pluralism?
Rawls addresses Cultural and Religious Pluralism in his later works by discussing the challenge of accommodating diverse cultural and religious beliefs within a just society, emphasizing the importance of an overlapping consensus and respect for different doctrines.
131
What is Global Justice according to Rawls?
Global Justice in Rawls' context refers to the adaptation of his principles to address contemporary global challenges such as climate change, global poverty, and human rights violations, focusing on the responsibilities of affluent nations and resource distribution.
132
What is Intergenerational Justice in relation to Rawls' theory?
Intergenerational Justice relates to the application of Rawls' theory to issues concerning environmental sustainability and the ethical implications of current generations' decisions on future generations.
133
What is the significance of the 'veil of ignorance' in Rawls' ethical decision-making?
The 'veil of ignorance' is a method in Rawls' theory that promotes ethical decision-making by encouraging individuals to consider justice from a position of impartiality and fairness, leading to more equitable moral and policy choices.
134
How do Rawls' theories align with Democratic Values?
Rawls' theories align with Democratic Values by emphasizing public reasoning and consensus-building in the pursuit of justice, informing debates on balancing majority rule with the protection of minority rights.
