JVIM 2019 Flashcards

Question

The RAAS and its suppression

Answer 1

Chronic activation of RAAS promotes and perpetuates the syndromes of CHF, systemic hypertension, and CKD Excessive circulating and tissue AngII and aldosterone levels lead to a pro-fibrotic, pro-inflammatory, and pro-hypertrophic milieu that causes remodeling and dysfunction in cardiovascular and renal tissue

Answer 2

Median time to BG <250 was shorter in Lispro group than in regular insulin group Lispro at a starting dose of 0.09U/kg/h and NaCl administered for fluid resuscitation are safe and effective treatment for DKA in cats The most rapid change in measurements was corrected sodium at 0.7mmol/L/h low concentrations of serum sodium, potassium, phosphate, and Mg were over 3 times more common than above normal electrolyte concentrations, despite supplementation with fluids of high electrolyte concentrations

Answer 3

SDMA is an earlier and more sensitive biomarker than sCr In 10 cats where GFR was measured, correlation between GFR and SDMA was low and not significant, while correlation between GFR and sCr was moderate and significant Careful interpretation of mildly increased SDMA with normal Cr in hyperthyroid cats is warranted as SDMA values might normalize after resolution of hyperthyroidism in some cats. In this population, SDMA was poorly correlated with GFR

Answer 4

Heritability of DM in AED is estimated at 0.62 Predicted DM probabilities for NF, IF, NM, and IM were 0.76, 0.11, 0.63, an 0.12 respectively The estimated heritability of DM in AED is high but has low precision. Transmission appears to follow a polygenic inheritance

Answer 5

22% has persistent or recurrent hyperthyroidism, 49% were hypothyroid SDMA and creatinine were linearly associated, but hyperthyroid cats had higher SDMA concentrations, relative to Creatinine Cats have changed in thyroid function for years after bilateral thyroidectomy, with a high incidence of recurrence Both SDMA and creatinine are affected by thyroxine concentrations, and the effect if greater in hyperthyroid cats

Answer 6

Hypothyroid dogs had significantly decreased median or mean heart rate, P wave amplitude, and R wave amplitude at T0 At T60, increased median or mean HR, P wave amplitude, fractional shortening, and E max and decreased left ventricular end-diastolic volume index and normalized systolic diabetes and EPSSn

Answer 7

11yr MN Shih tzu had a 10 year history of nonspecific allergic dermatitis and was being treated with 16mg/kg of ketoconazole q12h for Malassezia dermatitis The temporal association between return of adequate adrenocortical cortisol production and discontinuation of ketoconazole led to the conclusion that the dog developed iatrogenic HA secondary to ketoconazole treatment

Answer 8

For hypercalcemia, predicted iCa was highly specific but poorly sensitive for hypocalcemia, predicted iCa was also highly specific but poorly sensitive

Answer 9

There was no signficant differences in circulating melatonin, serotonin, or dopamine concentrations between the 3 groups Urine 6-sulfatoxymeltonin (MT6s) was higher in dogs with PDH than compared with dogs with SARDs, but not compared to normal dogs

Answer 10

Diabetes mellitus is the main cause of CKD in humans, the relationship cats is unclear Multivaraite analysis showed that diabetes was significantly associated with CKD (other variables associated with CKD were age and mixed breed)

Answer 11

There was a positive correlation between the tool score of dogs with cushings and owners assessment of their QOL Dogs currently on treatment with trilostane has a better HRQOL Useful tool in the clinical assessment of dogs with cushings

Answer 12

A startring dosage of 1.5mg/kg DOCP is effective in controlling clinical signs and electrolyte concentrations in the majority of dogs with addisons Dogs 3 years of age or younger needed higher dosages compared to the older dogs Non of them needed the 2.2mg/kg DOCP dose

Answer 13

For all breeds, instantaneous risk of death for dogs in overweight body condition was greater than those in normal body condition Hazard ratios ranging from 1.35 (in GSD) to 2.86 (yorkies)

Answer 14

The use of a larger biopsy forceps (2.4mm) allows for collection of a higher percentage of adequate and evaluable biopsy specimens Also decreases the percentage of artifacts and increased percentage of samples with evaluable villi In cases of histologic disagreement, the proper diagnosis usually was achieved only with the larger biopsy forceps

Answer 15

Current evidence is much greater in dogs than in cats In dogs - GI diet, glucocorticoids, baytril, or some combination In cats - GI diets and glucocorticoids

Answer 16

No difference between 0.5mg/kg IV q12h or 1mg/kg IV q12h 0.5mg/kg IV q12h was sufficient to increased intragastric pH in beagles

Answer 17

The prevalence of C perfringens encoding for netE and netF is higher in dogs with AHDS compared to control dogs and Parvo Unsure if these toxins are the inciting cause of AHDS in dogs

Answer 18

Complications occurred in 35.8% of cats Most common being tube dislodgment (14.5%) Stoma site infection (12.1%) Cats receiving steroids or oncolytic agents (OR 3.91) and with discharge at the stoma site (OR 159.8) were at an increased odds of developing stoma site infection Lower weight, neoplasia, respiratory, urogenital, or infectious diseases had an increased odds of death

Answer 19

In dogs, PLE is most often a feature of IBD and less frequently intestinal lymphangiesctasia PLE is life ending in 54.2% of dogs compared to the <20% deaths with IBD

Answer 20

Death rate within 30 days after admission was 33% 4 risk factors for short term death were - presence of SIRS, coagulation disorders, increased Cr and hypocalcemia

Answer 21

Oral famotidine administration results in a diminished effect on intragastric pH in healthy cats when given twice daily every day

Answer 22

Dogs with LES-AS experienced significant, temporary, clinical improvement after mechanical dilation and BTA. (clinical improvement in 100% of dogs, duration of effect was 40 days, ME and abnormal motility was present in all dogs still) Preliminary results suggest myotome with fundoplication provide lasting clinical benefit despite persistence of ME

Answer 23

MegaE was present in 73.7% of dogs with LES-AS Baseline esophageal fluid line in 68.4% of dogs with LES-AS "bird beak" were present in 63.2% of dogs with LES-AS Dogs with LES-AS may successfully be identified by VFSS using a free-feeding protocol, this subpopulation of dogs with functional LES obstruction may be candidates for targeted intervention

Answer 24

Bile acid dysmetabolism might play a role in various human chronic GI disease DI was increased in dogs with CE Secondary fecal unconjugated bile acids were decreased in dogs with CE Corticosteroids regulate fecal bile acids in dogs with CE and resolution of clinical activity index Subclinical dysbiosis can persist

Answer 25

Ultrasound abnormalities had a high positive predictive values for histologic lesions (82% in duodenum, 91% in jejunum, and 88.1% in ileum) Poor negative predictive values (27.1% in duodenum, 27.3% in jejunum, and 40.4% in ileum) Small intestinal submucosal and muscularis ultrasound lesions are not predictive of histologic disease in those layers

Answer 26

Leucine-rich glioma inactivated (LGI1) autoantibodies were negative, but antibodies against DCC (deleted in colorectal carcinoma) known as netrin-1 receptor were found Describes a case of feline autoimmune limbic encephalitis and hippocampal necrosis that were presumably associated with DCC autoantibodies

Answer 27

Famotidine CRI at 1mg/kg IV loading dose and 8mg/kg/d for 3 days aches the clinical goals established in people to promote healing of gastric tissue injury and offers an alternative to IV treatment of PPI

Answer 28

Dogs with CIE and low 25(OH)D concentrations had higher canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index scores, lower alpha-tocopherol, cholesterol, and albumin, along with higher CRP levels compared to the normal 25(OH)D group Histology of duodenum and ileum negatively correlated with serum 25(OH)D)

Answer 29

Lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) immunohistochemical makers have identified intestinal lymphatic vasculature abnormalities in humans with inflammatory bowel disease LEC immunolabeling with Prox-2 and LYVE-1 were performed on endoscopic biopsies. Duodenal and ileal villus lacteal width (VLW) and proprial mucosal lacteal width (MLW) were determined to correlate with albumin Lower serum albumin were correlated with increased VLW in the ileum. Lacteal dilatation scores were correlated with VLW in duodenum and ileum, but did not correlated with MLW Routine evaluation of villous lacteal likely underestimates abnormalities of. the lymphatic vasculature in dogs with CIE

Answer 30

Increased CCEAI and BUN at the time of diagnosis might be predictive of death in dogs with PLE caused by CE or lymphangiectasia

Answer 31

GSDs with CE had lower IL-12 and IL-33 mRNA than compared to non-GSDs with CE and healthy beagles Similar to human patients with ulcerative colitis, these data indicate that Th2 cytokines may be involved in the pathogens of CE in GSDs

Answer 32

Gastric mucosal lesions were identified in 15/16 dogs and small intestinal lesions in 12/14 dogs (2 capsules remained in the stomach) Video capsule endoscopy can identify GI lesions in dogs presenting with microcytosis with or without GI hemorrhage when US is inconclusive (majority of lesions could have been seen with conventional endoscopy)

Answer 33

Day 7 samples showed decreased bacterial diversity (Fusobacteriaceae and Veillonellaceae) Primary UBA were increased at day 21 at day 63, bacterial taxa were not significantly different, but the extend of microbial recovery was individualized Tyrosine causes fecal dysbiosis in healthy dogs with corresponding shifts in fecal UBAs. Changes did not uniformly resolve after discontinuation of tylosin

Answer 34

Intestinal biopsy specimens from clinically healthy client owned cats commonly had abnormal findings on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, clonality testing, or combination 20 cats (12 had SCLSA, 1 emerging SCLSA, 6 with lymphocytic enteritis, and 1 with pseudoclonality)

Answer 35

Short chain fatty acids are major end products of bacterial carbohydrate fermentation in the intestinal tract . Decreased SCFAs has been observed in humans with GI disease Dogs with CE had an altered fecal SCFA concentration accompanied by significant changes of the fecal microbiota (Acetate, Propionate, and total SCFAs were lower)

Answer 36

Focal thickening in 12/14 dogs and was adjacent to the diseased pancreas. Thickening of submucosal layer was observed in 12/14 dogs, 5 of them had concurrent muscularis layer thickening Gastric wall thickening presumably from edema (confirmed on 1 case that went to necropsy)could be a complication of acute pancreatitis

Answer 37

44.4% patients had complications (43.1% in dogs, 45.5% in cats) 17.8% of cats and 13.7% of dogs developed infection (E coli or Enterococcus - previous studies show staphylococcus) at site (22.7% of those cats and 35.7% of the dogs needed surgical debridement) Regurg of food through tube in 7 dogs and 1 cat 3 patients euthanized due to complications

Answer 38

Contrast enhanced ultrasound can be used to evaluate intestinal perfusion in healthy dogs Peak intensity and area under the curve was higher in the symptomatic CE group Therefore can detect duodenal inflammation and hence are potentially useful for excluding the diagnosis of CIE

Answer 39

Anti-diarrheal probiotic paste contains Enterococcus faeciuy 4b1707 Associated with better clinical outcome compared to placebo in dogs with acute uncomplicated diarrhea Shorter time of diarrhea (32 hours compared to 47 hours)

Answer 40

Type 1 HH was presented in 85.7% of cases and 64.5% were >3 years of age at the time of diagnosis Cats treated medically survived longer than cats treated surgically (2559 days to 771 days) Type I HH is the most common type in cats

Answer 41

Aggressive surgical resection with wide margins is the most consistently effective treatment This treatment protocol represents a promising treatment for dogs in which surgical intervention is not feasible

Answer 42

Median time until serum albumin reached >20g/L was 13 days Median survival after treatment was 85 days (13-463) with glucocorticoids alone and 166 (8-390) with steroids and a second line immunosuppressant Steroids alone can be appropriate in dogs with PLE

Answer 43

Sensitivity and specificity by comparison to IFA was >82% and >90% respectively, for all diagnostic tests in dogs and cats When analyzed via Bayesian analysis, sensitivity and specificity were >83% and >95%, respectively The bayesian analysis validates using IFA as the reference test

Answer 44

In humans, disturbances of amino acids metabolism have been demonstrated to be involved in the pathophysiology of IBD. therefore plasma amino acids profile might represent a novel marker of human IBD Methionine, Serine, and Tryptophan were lower int he IBD dogs than the controls A negative correlation was identified between the plasma serine concentration and CCECAI Plasma serine concentration might represent a novel marker of IBD in dogs

Answer 45

Dogs receiving prednisone had an 11.1 times higher odds of mucosal lesions Dogs receiving prednisone/aspirin had a 31.5 times higher odds of mucosal lesions GI bleeding occurs commonly in dogs administered aspirin, pred, or a combination. Even severe lesions are not accompanied by clinical signs

Answer 46

Odds of having mucosal lesnions score >4 were 7 times higher for dogs getting pred and pred/clopidogrel GI bleeding and ulceration occurs commonly in dogs getting pred or pred/clopidogrel, but not clopidogrel monotherapy

Answer 47

Synbiotics decreased antibiotic associated GI signs in cats, seeing if the same is true for dogs Hyporexia, vomiting, and diarrhea occurred in 41%, 77% and 100% of dogs, respectively during the first treatment period Derangements in food intake were smaller in both periods for dogs receiving synbiotics, days of vomiting differed over time, and fecal scores increased over time Baytril/Metro administration is associated with a high frequency of AAGS. Symbiotic administration decreases food intake derangements. The presence of milder AAGS in period 2 suggests that clinical effects of synbiotics persist >9 weeks after discontinuation, mitigating AAGS in dogs being treated with abx

Answer 48

Cryoprecipitate (CRYO) is a plasma component containing high concentrations of VIII, vWF, and fibrinogen Positive correlation was found among donor plasma VIII, vWF, and fibrinogen concentration, and CRYO factor content Factor concentration in FFP is associated with CRYO potency, suggesting that prescreening of donors may enhance CRYOO quality Greyhounds have lower vWF and fibrinogen levels, but still met CRYO standards

Answer 49

The maximum clot firmness (MCF) can be used to evaluate the effect of fibrinogen on hemostasis as an alternative to determination of fibrinogen CT(EXTEM) and CT(INTEM) are strongly correlated with PT and PTT, respectively

Answer 50

Plasma from type A cats had either no or weak anti-B alloantibodies Plasma from type B cats had strong anti-A alloantibodies Gel column and feline antiglobulin-enhanced gel column crossmatch techniques have high agreement, AGC showed 15 more agglutination though

Answer 51

Ang-2 was significantly higher in dogs with SIRS and sepsis than control Ang-2 was higher in non-survivors, but did not correlate with APPLEfast scores Admission Ang-2 predicted negative outcome in dogs with SIRs or sepsis with reasonable accuracy (AUC 0.75) VEGF was higher ion dogs with sepsis than SIRS or control VEGF was higher in non-survivors VEGF ability to predict negative outcome is poor

Answer 52

Histo Criteria of PVOD (occlusive remodeling of small-sized to medium-sized pulmonary veins) or PCH (alveolar capillary proliferation and congestion) In dogs with pulmonary arterial hypertension, the inability to document L-CHF and failure to identify another cause - should increase suspicion of PVOD or PCH

Answer 53

MiraVista Diagnostic Antigen Enzyme Immunoassay outperformed with a sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 97%, and diagnostic accuracy of 96% Further modifications of the IMMY EIA are required to achieve the diagnostics performance of MV EIA

Answer 54

Significant differences in prevalence of anemia between hypocobalaminemic and normocobalaminemic or between hypofolatemic and normofolatemic dogs were not detected Anemic dogs had a high prevalence of vitamin B deficiencies (nonregenerative - 64% low B12, 18% low folate; regenerative - 57% low B12, 21% low folate The association between cobalamin and folate deficiencies and macrocytic, nonregenerative anemia in humans is not routinely present in dogs

Answer 55

Chromogenic anti-Xa assay is the gold standard for monitoring the anti-Xa effect of rivaroxaban A 1.5-1.9x delay in PT and R values of TEG 3 hours after rivaroxaban administration is required to achieve therapeutic anti-Xa concentrations in canine plasma R values of TEG and PT can be used practically for therapeutic monitoring of rivavroxaban

Answer 56

Main relevant lab changes included 24.7% decrease in total proteins, 53% in fibrinogen, 36%. in bilirubin, 9% in BUN, 4.5% in creatinine Maximal tolerable citrate rates were estimated as 5.5 and9.0umol/kg/min Complications were observed in 34% and were fatal in 2 dogs

Answer 57

Blood from a weakly DEA 1+ donor induces a strong and durable alloimmunization in a DEA 1- recipient dog Additional alloantibodies developed against yet to be defined RBC antigens These results supportrecommendatiuon of. typing dogs again DEA 1, considering weakling DEA 1+ as immunogenicity and crosshatching all previously transfused dogs

Answer 58

Hypertrigylceridemia and hypercholesterolemia were independently associated with increased serum calprotectin but not S100S12 concentrations Subclinical (low grade) inflammation appears to be present in some MS with IH

Answer 59

Two non-pedigreed male castrated cats has persistent cyanosis over a 3 year observation period Erythrocytic methemoglobin concentrations were high (~40% of hemoglobin) and cytochrome b5 reductase (CYB5R3) activates in erythrocytes were low (<15% of control) Whole genome sequencing reveled a homozygous c.625G>A missense variant and a c.232-1G>C splice acceptor variant in CYB5R3 - this likely disrupts a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-bindingg domain, while the splicing error occurs at the acceptor site for exon 4, which likely affects downstream translation of the protein

Answer 60

Hypocobalaminemia, hypofolatemia, and iron deficiency are associated with pregnancy-related anemia (PRA) and neonatal survival in women Serum cobalamin decreased at late pregnancy, folate did not, serum iron increased Conclusion PRA was common at late pregnancy. Unlike in women, bitches serum iron and transferrin saturation were increased. Serum cobalamin is of unknown significance

Answer 61

TPE is an effective treatment for NSAID overdose (all dogs survived to discharge) Single TPE treatment was needed Complications (AKIs) did not affect the final outcome

Answer 62

All cats biotransformed MMF to MPA Half had adverse side effects within 1 week of administration Possible to use 10mg/kg mycophenolate in cats - however efficacy and long term safety in cats is unknown at this time

Answer 63

CYB5R3 mutation --> homozygous missense single nucleotide mutation (ATC -- >CTC at codon 194) caused a p.lle194Leu substation The plle194 residue is highly conserved in other mammals, this mutation is identical to that associated with familial methemoglobinemia in a family of Japanese pomerian dogs

Answer 64

2yr mixed breed dog showed complete recovery and good long term quality of life after life threatening acute liver failure secondary to massive hepatic necrosis

Answer 65

Leptospiral organisms were identified by FISH and PCR speciation (Leptospira interrogans/kirschneri) on cases of granulomatous hepatitis Positive before and after treatment with doxycycline The presence of hepatic leptospiral organisms may be associated with chronic granulomatous hepatitis without clinical evidence of renal involvement. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of these organisms in the disease

Answer 66

miRNA-122 and miRNA-29a were significantly associated with the grade of hepatitis and the stage of fibrosis with a positive correlation Circulating miRNA-122 and miRNA-29a concentrations might be useful for monitoring the response to treatment and progression of canine chronic hepatitis

Answer 67

Erythrocyte and plasma GSH are not indicative of liver GSH concentrations in dogs Dogs undergoing clinically indicated liver biopsy have evidence of increased systemic oxidative stress when compared to healthy controls

Answer 68

8/10 dogs had decreases in Cu compared to baseline. Changes in histologic scores and hematologic and biochemical tests were variable and not significantly different from baseline Results suggest that TTM can effectively decrease Cu in some dogs with CAH

Answer 69

Random forest analysis showed differences in abundance of various metabolites including increased aromatic amino acids and xylitol in dogs with cPSS than those with chronic hepatitis and healthy dogs

Answer 70

Compared to healthy dogs, dogs with HCC and benign liver disease had significantly higher concentrations of glutamic acid by post hoc analysis No significant difference was noted between HCC and benign liver disease Increased glutamic acid concentrations might play a role int he development or be a consequence of liver tumor formation

Answer 71

The probiotic did not have any effect of ALT or ALP Mean cholesterol did not change during administration but a significant decrease was seen on day 28 Mean Trig increased progressively and was significant on day 28 (1 dog become hyper trig)

Answer 72

MST was 1802 days with surgery, 1340 days with medical, and 203 days for both GBM type, ALP, Creat, and phos all were associated with decreased survival across groups Suspicion of biliary rupture on abdominal ultrasound was correlated with increased survival in the surgical group

Answer 73

Regarding surgical outcome, significant superiority of ameroid constrictor over thin film band was observed (weak evidence) Post operative imaging to assess cEHPSS closure and acquired portosystemic shunt development are essential

Answer 74

Median shear wave velocity was higher in dogs with clinically relevant hepatic fibrosis than in healthy dogs and dogs without clinically relevant hepatic fibrosis (no difference between the latter two) Median SWV was not different in dogs with necroinflammatory activity than those without

Answer 75

Biochemical remission was attained in 79% of dogs with a median dose of 7.9mg/kg/d and took a median of 2.5 months Hepatoprotectant use was not associated with likelihood of remission

Answer 76

Blood ammonia was not influenced by any of the treatments, in addition did not result in improvement of clinical signs sodium benzoate and sodium phenylbutyrate are not useful in the conservative management of hyperammonenmia in dogs with CPSS

Answer 77

ATP7A was identified in both Dutch and American Dobermans (in the American cohort, the minor allele frequency of the mutation was low (0.081) and a possible effect could not be established ATP7B in Dobermans was observed, therefore could be a contributor to hepatic copper accumulation underlying risk of development in breeds other than Labs

Answer 78

Compared to unvaccinated dogs, vaccinated dogs had a reduced odds of developing lameness, depression, pyrexia, and anorexia (odds ratio: 0.15-0.23)

Answer 79

In humans, IgG4-RD is characterized by diffuse IgG4 positive lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates that commonly lead to increased serum concentrations of IgG4 and IgE, peripheral eosinophilia, tumorous swelling that often include the parotid salivary glands, obliterative phlebitis, and extensive fibrosis Describes a case report of an 8yr FS Husky mixed breed dog

Answer 80

T. cruzi seroprevalence was comparable to D. immitis (18.1% vs 16%) and higher prevalence than of the tick borne pathogens

Answer 81

B. gibsoni infections were most common monoinfection (1.7%) Coinfections with Mycoplasma, Dirofilaria immitis, or Wolbachia and coexposures to Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp were documented in B. vulpes infected dogs Dog to dog transmission of B. vulpes may be a frequent mode of transmission

Answer 82

2/3 of the cats were fed a raw meat based diet before they developed clinical signs Survival was prolonged in all cases

Answer 83

Beagle mother with Mycoplasma haemocanis and Ehrlichia delivered 5 pups, all had antibodies against Ehrlichia that disappeared after 1 month 1 pup was PCR positive for Mycoplasma, therefore suggesting a vertical transmission role of Mycoplasma but not Ehrlichia

Answer 84

Infected were younger (mean 5.9), no sex or breed predilection Non-sporting (29%) and toy breed (24%) had the highest percent Odds were 13x higher among dogs with an infected housemate or littermate Infected dogs were more likely to have ventricular arrhythmias (OR 2.19), combinations of ECG abnormalities (OR 2.91) and cTnl> 0.129ng/mL (OR 10.71)

Answer 85

B canis infection had elevated SAA (168.3) when compared to controls (3.2) Lower cholesterol in B canis than controls Phospholipid and alpha-lipoproteins were higher

Answer 86

Renal disease (17.1%) IMHA (14.6%) Joint pain (34.1) Abnormal lymphocyte count (61.1%) Neutrophilia (56.8%) Elevated ALP (57.1%) ALT (40%) Proteinuria (74%)

Answer 87

Mild mucosal lesions, probe interference, probe placement failure, post-procedure nausea ## Footnote Complications were mild and TEE is generally considered safe in this population.

Answer 88

3.4% ## Footnote E. coli was the most common organism found in positive cultures.

Answer 89

Chronic diarrhea ## Footnote Granulomatous enteritis with Leishmania amastigotes was found in biopsies.

Answer 90

3.5 cm ## Footnote Lesions ranged from 1.6 to 7 cm and most showed neutrophilic inflammation.

Answer 91

78.4% ## Footnote Nephrocalcinosis was not associated with faster CKD progression but affected survival.

Answer 92

SNP NR3C1a:c.798C>T; no association with glucocorticoid responsiveness ## Footnote This synonymous SNP was found to be more frequent than in previous reports.

Answer 93

Minimal change disease ## Footnote The dog was treated with mycophenolate mofetil and telmisartan.

Answer 94

Standardization and validation are needed to improve reliability in veterinary medicine ## Footnote The review found major variability and methodological inconsistencies across 92 studies.

Answer 95

Elevated urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) ## Footnote Both uNGAL and uNGAL/creatinine ratio worsened with disease stage.

Answer 96

Plasma reactive metabolites and RM:AOP ratios ## Footnote These markers did not correlate with disease severity scores.

Answer 97

50% of dogs had Cu >400 ppm; 19% >1000 ppm ## Footnote Younger age and certain breeds were associated with higher copper concentrations.

Answer 98

928 days ## Footnote Surgical correction was often required, and the survival rate was good.

Answer 99

Urethral submucosal injection of autologous skeletal muscle progenitor cells (skMPCs) ## Footnote 14 out of 15 dogs showed improvement post-treatment.

Answer 100

Multiple ischemic strokes ## Footnote This led to widespread ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, managed with surgery and rehabilitation.

Answer 101

Homozygous TPO variant (c.430G>A, p.(Gly144Arg)) ## Footnote This variant was not found in CH-free cats.

Answer 102

Mild sedation ## Footnote Owners reported improvements in activity, grooming, and temperament over 4 weeks.

Answer 103

Poor prognosis; median survival was 3 weeks ## Footnote Despite chemotherapy, the disease is aggressive and early suspicion is critical for diagnosis.

Answer 104

4.5 months ## Footnote This aggressive T-cell neoplasm had a poor prognosis.

Answer 105

Neutrophilia, decreased ALP, illness, age <2 years ## Footnote Bartonella infection was rarely linked to significant lab abnormalities.

Answer 106

Spinal pain and postural deficits ## Footnote 33% of genetically at-risk dogs showed these abnormalities.

Answer 107

Novel 8-bp deletion in the CLCN1 gene ## Footnote Treatment with phenytoin resulted in long-term symptom control.

Answer 108

MF was identified in 25/30 cats ## Footnote MF was common and may contribute to diastolic dysfunction, independent of CHD type or severity.

Answer 109

Mitral Fibrosis ## Footnote MF is commonly found in cats with congenital heart disease (CHD).

Answer 110

164 Miniature Schnauzers ## Footnote The study compared those with idiopathic hyperlipidemia (HTGL) and those without.

Answer 111

11% body weight ## Footnote Owner adherence and communication were key predictors of success.

Answer 112

Cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) ## Footnote CDP-choline significantly improved oxygenation parameters.

Answer 113

Focal seizures (FS) with limb contraction ## Footnote This was found in both idiopathic epilepsy and epilepsy of unknown cause groups.

Answer 114

* Rural living * Outdoor access * Tobacco smoke exposure * Pet food with chemical additives ## Footnote 35% of OSCC cats had a history of oral inflammation, but it wasn’t statistically significant.

Answer 115

20.6% higher ## Footnote Students using the app also preferred it over conventional methods.

Answer 116

41% overall ## Footnote Neoplasia was linked to significantly higher mortality at 56.2%.

Answer 117

Persistent neutropenia and bone marrow myeloid hyperplasia ## Footnote Neutrophils in TNS have reduced lifespan and tissue migration.

Answer 118

Significantly lower ionized magnesium levels ## Footnote Hypomagnesemia was linked with a 4-fold increased risk of death.

Answer 119

Significantly higher in cardiac-related ascites compared to non-cardiac ## Footnote POCUS findings also differentiated causes.

Answer 120

86% ## Footnote Monitoring for hypertensive complications is required.

Answer 121

Reproductive status ## Footnote Intact females had significantly higher ACE activity than spayed females or intact males.

Answer 122

Median 1103 days vs. 162 days ## Footnote Combining ventriculoperitoneal shunting with radiotherapy may improve outcomes.

Answer 123

Good prognosis with advanced therapies ## Footnote ILE and TPE may reduce complications and severity in high-risk cases.

Answer 124

Commonly elevated but with uncommon clinical consequences ## Footnote Myocardial injury occurs frequently in these dogs.

Answer 125

Strong correlation with PLI ## Footnote Both markers normalize quickly with treatment.

Answer 126

Sensitive to venetoclax ## Footnote B-cell cancers were generally resistant.

Answer 127

Positively correlated ## Footnote Lower magnesium was found in dogs with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT).

Answer 128

Paddling and chewing ## Footnote Symptoms resolved with treatment.

Answer 129

Hypomagnesemia may play a role in secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and calcium regulation.

Answer 130

Sleep behaviors such as paddling and chewing during REM sleep.

Answer 131

cfa-miR-375 is a promising biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring acute pancreatitis.

Answer 132

Carboxyhemoglobin levels were significantly higher; it is an excellent predictor but not predictive of survival.

Answer 133

Dogs on nontraditional diets had lower ejection fractions and larger left ventricular volumes.

Answer 134

Quantifying urine sodium and volume after diuretic administration.

Answer 135

It identifies intrathecal IgA synthesis and CSF barrier dysfunction.

Answer 136

L waves were found in 60% of dogs but had no prognostic significance.

Answer 137

A KCNJ10 variant.

Answer 138

It significantly affected clotting time, clot formation time, and alpha angle.

Answer 139

Higher cardiac troponin levels were observed in dogs with more PVCs.

Answer 140

It improves diagnostic accuracy from 64.4% to 75.2%.

Answer 141

Dogs gained weight and improved in condition scores with no major adverse effects.

Answer 142

Dogs with tumors had significantly reduced gut microbiome diversity.

Answer 143

Vimentin and Masson's trichrome stains.

Answer 144

Both intramuscular (IM) and intranasal (IN) naloxone were effective.

Answer 145

Distinct atrial deflection timing and intervals.

Answer 146

36.5% of dogs and cats received antibiotics.

Answer 147

Hyperlipasemia occurred in 55.4% of dogs.

Answer 148

It caused a significant reduction in platelet aggregation.

Answer 149

FSL2 underestimated BG in euglycemia but overestimated in marked hypoglycemia.

Answer 150

Sensitivity is 100% and specificity is 94%.

Answer 151

Improved long-term survival and remission duration.

Answer 152

They predicted clinical and complete recovery with AUCs of 0.886 and 0.794.

Answer 153

Glucocorticoids, NSAIDs, phenobarbital.

Answer 154

67% of dogs had disc and osseous compressions.

Answer 155

Genetic testing and exercise.

Answer 156

90% sensitivity and 78% specificity.

Answer 157

AKI (13%), malignancy (10.1%), idiopathic (10.1%).

Answer 158

Cholelithiasis prevalence was 0.99%.

Answer 159

Hypernatremia.

Answer 160

Nonobstructive hydrocephalus with no visible mass.

Answer 161

42% with AmB-D and 36% with ABLC.

Answer 162

It significantly reduced cough severity.

Answer 163

Serial increases in uNGAL or uKIM-1 above expected variation.

Answer 164

Effective and feasible with continued use through a spacing chamber.

Answer 165

>100% for uNGAL and >60% for uKIM-1.

Answer 166

* CCND1 * CCND3 * SMARCB1 * FANCG * CDKN2A/B * MSH6

Answer 167

It was associated with L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria and MRI-visible cerebral cysts.

Answer 168

86% survived.

Answer 169

Linked to hereditary myotonia.

Answer 170

SERPINF2 gene variant (p.A202V).

Answer 171

Using slope thresholds of inverse creatinine (−0.0119) and SDMA (−0.0007).

Answer 172

Early improvement and favorable MRI features.

Answer 173

Higher osmolality than healthy dogs; inversely correlated with degree of chloride correction.

Answer 174

It may cause fatal encephalitis.

Answer 175

* Metastases * Thrombosis * Nonfollicular carcinoma * Chemo

Answer 176

It suppressed aldosterone.

Answer 177

Glomerular lesions leading to albuminuria/proteinuria.

Answer 178

Good outcomes reported.

Answer 179

Osteopontin.

Answer 180

Body weight.

Answer 181

Oligodendroglioma.

Answer 182

ICC = 0.83.

Answer 183

No significant differences found.

Answer 184

87.5% ## Footnote This response occurred within 1–5 days, with 81.3% surviving the full treatment period.

Answer 185

Aerodigestive disease ## Footnote Dogs may serve as valuable models for aspiration-associated respiratory syndromes.

Answer 186

SCN9A mutation ## Footnote This mutation was not found in 926 control dogs.

Answer 187

84% ## Footnote There were 4 cases of serious adverse events including 3 deaths.

Answer 188

34.5% ## Footnote This was associated with GMHoC type, high creatinine, albumin, low potassium, and younger age.

Answer 189

Glycogen storage disease (GCL) ## Footnote This mutation was linked to GCL and not found in other breeds.

Answer 190

It may be a useful biomarker in early-stage heart disease ## Footnote There was no difference in total RAS or aldosterone levels.

Answer 191

Advanced imaging analysis of BBB permeability ## Footnote The LR/HR score ratio had 80% sensitivity and 100% specificity.

Answer 192

52% in cats, 79% in dogs ## Footnote Fluconazole resistance was noted in 25% of isolates.

Answer 193

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) ## Footnote Seven dogs survived more than 12 months with a >50% seizure reduction.

Answer 194

No evidence supports using current human/mouse-based assays to detect neural antibodies in dogs ## Footnote Only one case in each group had low IgLON5 titers.

Answer 195

25(OH)D, CRP, and haptoglobin ## Footnote These biomarkers were found to differ between histoplasmosis dogs and controls.

Answer 196

716 days ## Footnote Tumor size classification predicted progression and survival.

Answer 197

36% overall; 38.2% in feral cats vs. 31.3% in owned cats ## Footnote This highlights the public health importance of feline toxoplasmosis.

Answer 198

Shorter survival time ## Footnote This was true even in dogs with normal creatinine levels.

Answer 199

Higher IgG titers were associated with lower vitamin D and higher CRP ## Footnote Higher titers predicted dissemination of coccidioidomycosis.

Answer 200

COL6A3 frameshift mutation ## Footnote This mutation was confirmed in two littermates.

Answer 201

Cats had higher fluid cell counts and more intracellular bacteria ## Footnote The etiology was similar across species.

Answer 202

Pneumocystosis ## Footnote It should be included in differential diagnoses for persistent respiratory and ocular signs.

Answer 203

Defect in HCy-to-methionine conversion ## Footnote This led to hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds.

Answer 204

Sensitive marker for early red blood cell regeneration ## Footnote IRF outperformed RPI in distinguishing PRA from NRA.

Answer 205

Resolved with antithrombotics ## Footnote This should be considered in differential diagnoses of atrial masses.

Answer 206

Fecal AGP and ceruloplasmin levels ## Footnote SCGL cats had significantly higher AGP.

Answer 207

419 days ## Footnote Hemorrhage history and tumor volume/body weight ratio predicted worse survival.

Answer 208

Significantly higher at 2.13 µg/mL vs. 1.2 µg/mL ## Footnote Sensitivity was 84%, specificity 78%.

Answer 209

Improves quality of life ## Footnote Patient selection is crucial for successful outcomes.

Answer 210

Wintersweet ingestion ## Footnote Calycanthine was identified in the rumen of affected sheep.

Answer 211

Often presents subclinically ## Footnote Treatment leads to clinical remission, but serology does not reflect status.

Answer 212

E. coli ## Footnote This finding was based on 363 episodes studied.

Answer 213

Often presents subclinically ## Footnote Treatment leads to clinical remission, but serology does not reflect status.

Answer 214

E. coli most common isolate; recurrent cystitis associated with higher resistance; no antimicrobial >90% effective overall ## Footnote Culture and susceptibility testing are essential for treating feline urinary infections.

Answer 215

25.7% ## Footnote Higher prescribed UF rate was a key risk factor; no deaths occurred.

Answer 216

Strong agreement (AUC = 1.0) ## Footnote Plateletworks ADP is validated on the ProCyte Dx analyzer for monitoring clopidogrel efficacy.

Answer 217

No significant correlation ## Footnote Furosemide timing negatively correlated with congestion score.

Answer 218

Higher salivary and BALF bile acids compared to healthy dogs ## Footnote EER and reflux aspiration are prevalent in both healthy and respiratory-diseased dogs.

Answer 219

54.8% changed diet/supplements; home-prepared food use increased significantly ## Footnote Nutritional guidance should be part of cancer care.

Answer 220

Higher prescribed UF rate

Answer 221

Telmisartan suppressed aldosterone in healthy and secondary disease cats, but not significantly different from PHA group. ## Footnote Further study required as the Telmisartan suppression test did not effectively distinguish PHA from other conditions or healthy cats.

Answer 222

DLA levels were higher in emergency vs. scheduled visits and correlated weakly with clinical severity score (CPCSS). ## Footnote DGGR-lipase activity reflects flare-ups in chronic pancreatitis but is a weak discriminator of disease severity in dogs.

Answer 223

Pseudomembranous cystitis with mineralization is frequent in male cats with UO and responds well to medical treatment. ## Footnote 77% of these cats survived to discharge; 5 had relapse.

Answer 224

IgA serologic markers failed to distinguish CE from non-CE intestinal diseases and showed poor specificity. ## Footnote This indicates that the serologic testing panel is not reliable for CE diagnosis.

Answer 225

Dogs with AP had lower serum 25(OH)D and VDR levels; VDR inversely correlated with CRP and Spec cPL. ## Footnote VDR and 25(OH)D levels are reduced in AP and may be linked to disease severity.

Answer 226

Cats with CATE had higher cfDNA and citH3 levels compared to controls and HCM cats; citH3 correlated with thrombotic risk. ## Footnote NETs, particularly citH3, may be promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Answer 227

Structural causes for head tremor should be considered in older dogs with additional neurological signs and MRI findings. ## Footnote Dogs with SEHT had brain lesions (mostly pituitary), older age, and neurological signs.

Answer 228

DAT (clopidogrel + rivaroxaban) safely reduced platelet activation and thrombin generation; rivaroxaban alone increased ADP response. ## Footnote Dual therapy may be more effective than monotherapy for reducing thrombotic potential.

Answer 229

Dogs with SARDS were more hypercoagulable than controls by TEG; higher fibrinogen also noted. ## Footnote This suggests a potential role for coagulation in the disease's pathogenesis.

Answer 230

Median survival was 1640 days; recurrence rate was low overall. ## Footnote WHWTs and dogs with large polyps had earlier recurrence.

Answer 231

The Great Dane had no regrowth at 6 months and was clinically normal at 10 months. ## Footnote This rare meningioma subtype may progress slowly despite high mitotic index.

Answer 232

70% of dogs responded to the amino acid-based elemental diet; microbiome shifts correlated with clinical improvement. ## Footnote Elemental diet is effective for many dogs with CE.

Answer 233

Normal gallbladder wall thickness in fasted dogs <40 kg was ≤1.30 mm. ## Footnote Published reference values aid interpretation of gallbladder ultrasound in dogs without hepatobiliary disease.

Answer 234

CHOP therapy led to remission with recurrence at 37 months; euthanasia at 39 months. ## Footnote Long-term remission is possible using multimodal therapy.

Answer 235

Most dogs had stranguria; 77% were castrated males. ## Footnote Response to multimodal therapy was variable.

Answer 236

Visfatin and betatrophin levels were lower in hypothyroid dogs; visfatin increased post-treatment. ## Footnote Correlations with BCS and insulin were noted.

Answer 237

Probiotics did not reduce adverse effects of esomeprazole; co-administration may increase dysbiosis index. ## Footnote GI signs occurred in both treatment phases.

Answer 238

Classical Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome was diagnosed via a novel COL5A1 variant. ## Footnote Whole genome sequencing identified a novel EDS-related mutation in the cat.

Answer 239

Urine pH varied within and between dogs; antimicrobial resistance to amoxicillin was widespread. ## Footnote Urine monitoring should include repeated testing.

Answer 240

The average reading level was above college; 79% had readability scores above 12th grade. ## Footnote University descriptions were easier to read.

Answer 241

Pimobendan and ODMP had variable absorption/elimination; variability not linked to age, disease stage, or lab values. ## Footnote t½ ≈ 1–1.4 hrs.

Answer 242

The cat had 896-day survival post-cystectomy and metronomic therapy with no recurrence or metastasis detected. ## Footnote Partial cystectomy and metronomic chemotherapy may offer long-term control.

Answer 243

Prophylactic omeprazole did not significantly reduce GI complications in dogs undergoing surgery. ## Footnote GI signs occurred in 50% omeprazole vs. 41% placebo.

Answer 244

Medical management had higher success than previously reported, particularly for small distal uroliths. ## Footnote MM success in 30%, partial success in 13%, failure in 57%.

Answer 245

High tumor grade correlated with large size and peripheral contrast enhancement on MRI. ## Footnote MRI cannot fully predict PNST grade.

Answer 246

NT-proBNP was significantly higher in cardiac vs. noncardiac NHA; hepatic/vena cava distension more common in cardiac cases. ## Footnote cTnI not significantly different.

Answer 247

23% had proteinuria initially; 44% of those persisted. ## Footnote A >82% increase in UPC or >36% decrease in USG in healthy cats is clinically relevant.

Answer 248

UPC was higher and USG lower in cystocentesis vs. voided samples; 28% showed different proteinuria stage. ## Footnote Home urine sampling is valid, but consistent collection method is important.

Answer 249

Sarcomas had lower blood flow and blood volume than carcinomas; sarcomas grew during RT, while epithelial tumors shrank. ## Footnote Perfusion not linked to survival.

Answer 250

Lab choice and long-term urine storage affected UPC results and IRIS staging; 27% had IRIS stage change post-storage. ## Footnote Storage under 7 days is stable.

Answer 251

Noncompressive disease was more common in the Horner group; longer lesions correlated with nonsurvival. ## Footnote 95% had MRI hyperintensity.

Answer 252

Horner syndrome in cervical myelopathy is associated with noncompressive intraparenchymal disease and MRI changes. ## Footnote 95% had MRI hyperintensity; longer lesions correlated with nonsurvival.

Answer 253

14% had positive urine cultures. ## Footnote Only 27% had LUTD signs; pyuria and bacteriuria were highly associated with positive cultures.

Answer 254

Brachycephalic dogs have more sleep-disordered breathing; the neckband system is feasible for SDB detection. ## Footnote They had higher obstructive respiratory event index and snore percentage.

Answer 255

No significant difference in left heart size progression over 1 year between test and control diet groups. ## Footnote A specially formulated diet did not alter progression compared to control diet.

Answer 256

Capillary rarefaction in feline CKD is associated with renal dysfunction and histologic damage. ## Footnote Values correlated negatively with creatinine, inflammation, fibrosis, and glomerulosclerosis.

Answer 257

Increased RV free wall thickness and decreased Ao:PA VTI ratio were associated with PG >80 mmHg. ## Footnote TAPSE and RV end-diastolic area were associated with clinical severity.

Answer 258

Microthrombi were found in 50% of tumor-bearing dogs. ## Footnote D-dimer >500 ng/mL predicted presence with 80% sensitivity, 41% specificity.

Answer 259

Dogs with mean HR <125 bpm lived 608 days vs. 33 days with HR >125 bpm. ## Footnote N-terminal proBNP predicted death risk.

Answer 260

cTnI is commonly elevated in critically ill cats but lacks prognostic value for mortality. ## Footnote It is not significantly better than APPLE scores.

Answer 261

No significant difference in insulin levels between dogs with and without metastasis at diagnosis. ## Footnote Insulin levels are not predictive of survival.

Answer 262

A dog treated with phenobarbital developed fever, cytopenias, proteinuria, and ANA positivity; resolved after drug withdrawal. ## Footnote First reported case of phenobarbital-induced lupus in a dog.

Answer 263

7% recurrence for adenomas, 8% for adenocarcinomas. ## Footnote CO₂ laser ablation had few complications.

Answer 264

Pheochromocytoma cat had much higher plasma and urinary metanephrines than controls. ## Footnote This shows diagnostic potential for feline pheochromocytoma.

Answer 265

Focal epithelial expansion in urethral papilla caused chronic LUT signs; resolved with drainage and antibiotics. ## Footnote Inflammation near lesser vestibular periurethral glands should be considered.

Answer 266

Omeprazole may help mitigate prednisone-induced GI bleeding. ## Footnote Probiotics did not offer protective benefits in this study.

Answer 267

No significant survival difference between PDH and non-PDH dogs post-radiotherapy. ## Footnote Higher total radiation dose was linked to longer survival.

Answer 268

Most dogs with bacterial meningitis or meningoencephalitis recovered with antibiotics. ## Footnote Otitis media/interna was a common source.

Answer 269

The polymorphism did not affect platelet aggregation response to pimobendan in CKCS. ## Footnote CKCS appear to respond similarly regardless of genotype.

Answer 270

Mutation in CYP27B1 gene confirmed as cause of vitamin D–dependent rickets type 1A. ## Footnote Early diagnosis and treatment can reverse clinical signs.

Answer 271

Dogs with idiopathic epilepsy had lower phosphorus and higher copper, zinc, selenium, and arsenic in hair samples. ## Footnote Potassium bromide treatment correlated with arsenic.

Answer 272

VLAS was a more accurate CHF predictor than VHS. ## Footnote Murmur grade and VLAS were independent CHF indicators.

Answer 273

Wet diet feeding is linked to higher remission rates in diabetic cats. ## Footnote It reinforces dietary importance in disease management.

Answer 274

CBD significantly reduced seizure days compared to placebo. ## Footnote Liver enzymes increased during treatment.

Answer 275

The model showed good discrimination but overestimated Cushing’s probability in Dutch dogs. ## Footnote Further validation is essential for broader application.

Answer 276

Interventional radiology/endoscopy articles increased but remained low in level of evidence. ## Footnote Most studies targeted urinary, digestive, or respiratory tracts.

Answer 277

A third systolic heart sound was associated with SAM in cats with obstructive HCM. ## Footnote Recognition accuracy varied by clinician experience.

Answer 278

Molnupiravir led to remission in 14/18 cats with FIP. ## Footnote Minor reversible liver effects were observed.

Answer 279

Urinary cystatin B levels differentiated progressive vs. stable IRIS Stage 1 CKD. ## Footnote Levels were significantly higher in progressive cases.

Answer 280

Spec cPL is not a reliable biomarker for identifying MAPSS development post-surgery. ## Footnote Levels were not consistently elevated postoperatively.

Answer 281

Saphenous 'arterialized' samples had better agreement with arterial blood values than cephalic samples. ## Footnote Heated to 37°C, it approximates arterial blood values well.

Answer 282

Higher DOCP and prednisolone doses were needed in feline PH. ## Footnote Small adrenal glands were often seen on ultrasound.

Answer 283

78% of dogs could escalate at least 1 drug. ## Footnote Response rate was 100%; median PFI was 171 days, OST 254 days.

Answer 284

Higher DOCP and steroid doses are needed in feline PH. ## Footnote Small adrenal glands can support diagnosis; British Shorthairs may be predisposed.

Answer 285

Response rate 100%; median PFI 171 days, OST 254 days. ## Footnote 78% of dogs could escalate at least 1 drug.

Answer 286

Hydrolyzed fish diets improved cobalamin and supported recovery in PLE dogs. ## Footnote 83% of non-PLE dogs responded to initial diet.

Answer 287

Cat bile does not harbor a core microbiota; E. coli was isolated from positive cultures. ## Footnote Uncultured bacteria may contribute to hepatobiliary disease in E. coli-positive cases.

Answer 288

Genetic testing allows for more definitive diagnoses of canine hereditary ataxias. ## Footnote Proposes grouping rare ataxia variants under a broader 'multifocal degenerations' category.

Answer 289

Fuzapladib is safe and may aid clinical recovery in acute pancreatitis. ## Footnote Effect on long-term outcome not assessed.

Answer 290

Conditioned whippets had larger LV dimensions and mass; mitral E velocity was higher. ## Footnote Systolic function measures unchanged.

Answer 291

81.8% sensitivity, 95.5% specificity for detecting bacteriuria. ## Footnote Improved at higher bacterial loads.

Answer 292

It is a reliable, noninvasive method to estimate right atrial pressure. ## Footnote Positively correlated with RAP.

Answer 293

EIA detected antibodies in 81.1% cats, 77.3% dogs; ID detected 0% in cats and 13.6% in dogs. ## Footnote EIA is more sensitive than ID for detecting these antibodies.

Answer 294

Spay/neuter status had the strongest association with PH (OR up to 6.0). ## Footnote Lawn fertilizer and canned food showed modest associations.

Answer 295

Surgery, NSAIDs, and adjuvant chemotherapy improved survival. ## Footnote Absence of metastasis and clinical signs also linked to longer survival.

Answer 296

Low-moisture diets and protein source may be pre-illness dietary risk factors. ## Footnote Dogs with CE had higher odds of being fed low-moisture diets.

Answer 297

Cobalamin was lower in CE dogs and correlated with albumin and cholesterol. ## Footnote Hypofolatemia is not a strong biomarker for CE.

Answer 298

Dal card had 86–87.6% sensitivity and 96.6–100% specificity. ## Footnote Results should be interpreted cautiously in anemic dogs with low PCV.

Answer 299

86% responded to SB-001 gene therapy with increased PCV. ## Footnote Hypertension and encephalopathy occurred in some cats.

Answer 300

Recovery occurred in most regardless of treatment. ## Footnote Mimics Guillain-Barré syndrome and generally has a good prognosis.

Answer 301

Poor radiograph-MRI agreement; trauma and prior steroids increased relapse and neuro decline risk. ## Footnote L7-S1 was the most affected site.

Answer 302

Confirmed type II Alexander disease. ## Footnote Should be considered in dogs with progressive caudotentorial encephalopathy.

Answer 303

Most were homozygous for KCNJ10 variant; some had CAPN1 variant. ## Footnote Others tested negative.

Answer 304

Accurately estimate PCV and UF volume within limits. ## Footnote Significant deviation outside specific hematocrit ranges.

Answer 305

Influences host immunity and disease. ## Footnote Further veterinary-specific research is needed.

Answer 306

E. coli RNA detected in TLSs in 7/8 dogs with chronic recurrent UTIs. ## Footnote Chronic E. coli bladder infections likely contribute to follicular cystitis.

Answer 307

Hyperlipidemic dogs had significantly larger gallbladder volumes compared to controls. ## Footnote Ejection fractions were not statistically different.

Answer 308

Constrictive myelopathy (CM) was common, often with multilevel disease. ## Footnote All had caudal articular process dysplasia (CAPD).

Answer 309

Signs included lethargy, fever, anemia, SIRS, and pancytopenia. ## Footnote PCR confirmed infection; some required multiple imidocarb doses.

Answer 310

Did not improve immediate outcomes over steroids alone but associated with lower relapse rates. ## Footnote Antithrombotics didn’t reduce thrombosis.

Answer 311

Common causes were vasculitis (37%), lymphatic/venous obstruction (22%), and hypoalbuminemia (18%). ## Footnote Hypoalbuminemia was more likely to cause generalized edema and effusions.

Answer 312

Reduced RV diastolic/systolic function and higher Galectin-3 levels. ## Footnote RV E/A ratio and RV E/e' ratio were significantly different vs. controls.

Answer 313

Reduced RV diastolic/systolic function and higher Galectin-3 levels ## Footnote The RV E/A ratio and RV E/e' ratio are significantly different compared to controls.

Answer 314

Mentation and gait/posture changes ## Footnote MRI may show hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, and herniation.

Answer 315

Not necessary for most tests but useful for triglyceride/phosphorus accuracy

Answer 316

441 days ## Footnote Acute side effects were minimal; late effects occurred in a minority.

Answer 317

Cytokine activation, acute phase response, and lipid metabolism pathways ## Footnote Forty-five serum proteins were significantly altered.

Answer 318

A promising serum biomarker candidate ## Footnote Increased >50-fold in CE cats.

Answer 319

Reduced stroke volume and RV dysfunction ## Footnote RLD causes more severe PH than OALD.

Answer 320

Cardiac death ## Footnote PVRecho has strong prognostic value.

Answer 321

Achieves therapeutic Ara-C levels and long-term leukocyte effects

Answer 322

0.5 U/kg once daily for newly diagnosed dogs ## Footnote Median of 0.8 U/kg once daily across all dogs.

Answer 323

Median IG was significantly lower in combination therapy compared to insulin alone ## Footnote Increased risk of hypoglycemia necessitates insulin dose reduction.

Answer 324

54% in velagliflozin-treated cats ## Footnote Compared to 42% in Caninsulin-treated cats.

Answer 325

Weight loss, hyporexia/anorexia, chronic vomiting, lethargy, chronic diarrhea ## Footnote Median duration of clinical signs was 90 days.

Answer 326

As a rescue therapy in cases unresponsive to standard treatments

Answer 327

Serum copper, Cu/Zn ratio, cobalamin, and serum amyloid A ## Footnote Strong predictive accuracy for survival.

Answer 328

Predictor of biliary obstruction in hyperbilirubinemic cats ## Footnote Offers 94.1% sensitivity and 82.4% specificity.

Answer 329

Ragdolls, Exotic Shorthairs, Persians ## Footnote Majority were Domestic Shorthairs.

Answer 330

20 μg/kg subcutaneously once daily

Answer 331

Higher odds of BO with increasing age ## Footnote OR 1.20 per year.

Answer 332

≥3.86 mg/dL ## Footnote This cut-off is important for clinical decision-making regarding surgical intervention.

Answer 333

Six clusters ## Footnote Dogs with primary HTG were spread across four clusters.

Answer 334

Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) ## Footnote This cluster had the highest intensities of TRL and LDL.

Answer 335

It may help identify subtypes with differing causes, health implications, and treatment responses.

Answer 336

Dogs with cPLI ≥400 μg/L had higher median CRP, MCAI, and owner-reported health scores. ## Footnote However, differences were not statistically significant.

Answer 337

They may reflect a resolving or subclinical condition rather than active inflammation.

Answer 338

Angle, A10, A20, and maximum clot firmness (MCF) ## Footnote All with P = .01.

Answer 339

35% ## Footnote This is higher compared to IMHA and ITP, which both had an 11% relapse rate.

Answer 340

74% ## Footnote Conservative treatment had a success rate of 65% at the same time point.

Answer 341

It induces strong erythropoietic effects, significantly increasing HCT. ## Footnote HCT remained elevated throughout treatment.

Answer 342

Low total T4 (TT4), low total T3 (TT3), and low free T4 (fT4). ## Footnote These values normalize by 4 weeks post-discharge.

Answer 343

It may serve as a non-invasive biomarker to identify dogs with ICGN who could benefit from immunosuppressive therapy.

Answer 344

Low uNa (<87 mmol/L) ## Footnote Low uNa was associated with lower cumulative frequency of successful oxygen discontinuation.

Answer 345

Better tolerated than at 10 mg/kg ## Footnote The 10 mg/kg group showed a higher frequency of soft stools.

Answer 346

Better tolerated than at 10 mg/kg. ## Footnote CBD administration at 5 mg/kg showed no significant adverse effects and increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity.

Answer 347

AAPSE was lower in HCM cats (3.9 ± 0.9 mm) compared to healthy cats (4.6 ± 0.9 mm; P < .001). ## Footnote The lowest values were in stage C HCM cats (2.4 ± 0.6 mm; P < .001).

Answer 348

83% sensitivity and 92% specificity. ## Footnote AAPSE correlated moderately with mitral annular plane systolic excursion and atrial fractional shortening.

Answer 349

FGF4L2 allele was negatively associated with FCE occurrence (P < .001). ## Footnote FCE was overrepresented in non-chondrodystrophic breeds.

Answer 350

Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (OR = 98.8; P = .02). ## Footnote TD cases had higher neutrophil counts and lower serum albumin levels compared to non-thrombotic disease cases.

Answer 351

Hepatic fibrosis (73%), biliary hyperplasia (56%), portal inflammation (48%). ## Footnote Liver histologic abnormalities were found in 98% of dogs studied.

Answer 352

1.7 g/dL. ## Footnote Octreotide was commonly used as a rescue therapy in refractory PLE cases.

Answer 353

[iMg²⁺] levels were lower in stage D MMVD dogs compared to other stages (P < .0001). ## Footnote Hypomagnesemia was associated with a ~4-fold increased risk of death.

Answer 354

TK1 autoantibody levels were significantly higher in dogs with malignant tumors (median 0.71) compared to healthy controls (0.34). ## Footnote The autoantibody is a more effective biomarker than TK1 protein for distinguishing tumor-bearing dogs.

Answer 355

Giardiasis does not appear to induce significant fecal dysbiosis. ## Footnote Disease severity may be influenced more by host or parasite-specific factors rather than changes in microbial composition.

Answer 356

Complete clinical and biochemical recovery following treatment with prednisolone and desoxycorticosterone pivalate. ## Footnote This case highlights a rare etiology in veterinary patients presenting with adrenal insufficiency.

Answer 357

Head turn only, head turn with head tilt, head turn with body turn, and all three signs. ## Footnote Among 49 dogs, most had forebrain disease.

Answer 358

* Head turn only: 15 dogs * Head turn with head tilt: 9 dogs * Head turn with body turn: 12 dogs * All three signs: 13 dogs ## Footnote Most dogs with forebrain disease exhibited ipsilateral head and body turns, while those with cervical spinal cord lesions showed contralateral signs.

Answer 359

Head turn is commonly associated with forebrain disease but is not exclusive to it. Specific combinations of head turn, head tilt, and body turn can help refine neuroanatomic localization. ## Footnote Accurate clinical classification is underscored by these combinations.

Answer 360

0.967 ## Footnote This indicates excellent reliability in scoring and pattern identification across varying clinician experience levels.

Answer 361

* Higher urine protein-to-creatinine (UPC) ratios * Higher urine SAA-to-creatinine (UAAC) ratios * Histological association with glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis ## Footnote The study identified potential urinary biomarkers, including elevated apolipoprotein C-III.

Answer 362

* Decreased appetite: 19 dogs * Lethargy: 16 dogs * Fever: 13 dogs ## Footnote Ultrasonographic findings included hepatomegaly and nodular lesions.

Answer 363

635 days (range 1–2482 days) ## Footnote Affected dogs can have favorable outcomes with appropriate medical management despite severe clinical signs.

Answer 364

* Symmetrical, bilateral T2 and FLAIR hyperintense lesions * T1 hypo- to isointense lesions * Mild generalized brain atrophy ## Footnote These findings were located in specific brain regions including the caudate nucleus and thalamus.

Answer 365

A high-sodium diet was well tolerated and did not adversely affect renal or cardiac function over five years. ## Footnote This supports the safety of high-sodium diets in this population.

Answer 366

TT4 concentrations varied significantly across estrous stages, with higher levels during estrus and diestrus. ## Footnote Reproductive status should be considered when interpreting thyroid hormone results.

Answer 367

Clinical and biochemical signs of hypersomatotropism resolved postoperatively, but diabetes mellitus persisted. ## Footnote This was the first reported successful surgical resolution of hypersomatotropism in a dog.

Answer 368

* Hypercalcemia resolved in 100% (29/29) * Azotemia resolved in 79.3% (23/29) ## Footnote Initial serum creatinine and total calcium concentrations significantly influenced azotemia resolution.

Answer 369

* NCS: 73% * NCSE: 67% * Without EEG-detected seizure activity: 27% ## Footnote These conditions are common and under-recognized, warranting early EEG monitoring for timely diagnosis.

JVIM 2019 Flashcards

(406 cards)