JW B/B Missed Questions Flashcards
(33 cards)
What is ubiquitination?
It is a post-translational modification which targets a protein for degradation at a proteasome.
The protein ubiquitin is appended to another protein of interest.
What is glycosylation?
Process in which a carbohydrate is covalently attached to a target macromolecule.
Describe prenylation.
Prenylation is the first step for membrane targeting and binding. It is involved in mediating protein-protein interactions.
What is anterograde movement?
Movement from the center of the cell towards the outside of the cell.
Center—–> cell periphery
What is retrograde movement?
Movement from the periphery of the cell towards the center.
What are some categories of hydrolases?
Hydrolases are a class of enzymes that breaks down covalent bonds using water.
Examples, include protease, phosphatase, and GTPase.
Describe complex II of the electron transport chain.
Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) uses FADH2 to reduce succinate to fumarate. Succinate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme of the citric acid cycle.
What is the appoximate LD50 of rotenolone for a child who weighs 40 kilograms?
How can a protein isoform be created?
A protein isoform can be created through occasional exon splicing.
Before eukaryotic RNA is translated into proteins, it must be post-transcriptionally processed in the nucleus. During the processing of immature RNA numerous modifications are made such as the addition of a 5’ cap and Poly A tail, intron splicing, and occasional alternative splicing when RNA exons are removed. By splicing out some exons, different versions of a gene can be created.
5’ GCGCGUAUAGCU 3’
Which enzymes are used during the process of HIV-1 infection into the host cell genome?
Reverse transcriptase and viral integrase
Explain the function of lyase enzyme.
Lyase enzymes are a class of enzymes which catalyses the breaking of covalent bonds, often resulting in the formation of a double bond.
Explain the Gq family of GPCR’s
The Gq family of GPCRs activate phospholipases which hydrolyzes PIP2 to IP3 and DAG.
Explain the Gs family of GPCR’s
The Gs family of GPCRs is coupled with adenylate cyclase activation which increases levels of cAMP.
What does carcinogenesis mean ? Also, provide some reasons that would cause this to occur.
Carcinogenesis is the initiation of cancer.
Factors that could lead to it
-Loss of cell cycle control
-Loss of the ability to respond to extrinsic apoptotic signaling
-Loss of DNA repair machinery
-Upregulation of proteins that promote replication
Explain a protooncogene and what occurs when it becomes activated.
A protooncogene is a gene that normally promotes the cell cycle. When mutated to become constitutively active, a protooncogene becomes an oncogene, which allows the cell cycle to occur out of control.
PCR primers
PCR requires 2 primers in order for DNA polymerase to correctly bind to and synthesize the necessary sequence. The primers must point in the 5’-3’ direction.
What are regions of repetitive DNA?
Repetitive DNA is regions of DNA which are noncoding and contain repeat DNA sequences. These include transposons and microsatellites.
What method is best to visualize the structure of the RNA polymerase II active site?
X-ray crystallography.
It is a technique used to obtain the 3-D structure of a particular protein through the X-ray diffraction of its crystallized form.
How can fatty acids enter the mitochondrial matrix?
Small fatty acids are able to pass directly through the mitochondrial membranes to participate in beta oxidation. (Simple diffusion).
Long chain fatty acids needs help (facilitated diffusion)
Simple and facilitated diffusion are both examples of passive diffusion which do not require ATP.
Explain what is an agonist.
Agonist are molecules which fit the ligand-binding site of a receptor and cause activation of that receptor.
Explain what is an antagonist.
Antagonist is a molecule which fits the ligand-binding site of a receptor and causes inhibition of that receptor.
What is an totipotent cell?
Totipotent cells are cells that can form any cell of the body.
DEGREE OF SPECIALIZATION IS AS FOLLOWS: TOTIPOTENT, PLURIPOTENT, MULLTIPOTENT.
What is the primary purpose of real time quantitative PCR (real time qPCR)?
To determine gene expression.
Greater readouts from real time qPCR indicate that a gene is more heavily expressed in a cell and that a gene is more heavily expressed in a cell and that a cell is producing a greater number of RNA transcripts of that gene.
