Kap 7: Attitude og attitudeforandring: At påvirke tanker og følesler

Question 1

1. Which of the following conclusions is the most consistent with research on the heritability of attitudes?
   a. Our attitudes are shaped by our surroundings and do not seem to have any genetic component to
   them.
   b. Our attitudes are inherited and dictated by our genetic makeup, with little influence from
   environmental factors.
   c. We often inherit a temperament or personality that renders us likely to develop similar attitudes to
   those held by our genetic relatives.
   d. Fraternal twins are just as likely to share attitudes as are identical twins.

Answer 1

c

Question 2

People’s emotional reaction to a target is referred to as the ______component of attitudes.

a. affective
b. behavioral
c. cognitive
d. operant

Answer 2

a

Question 3

Which component of an attitude is most related to the process of examining facts and weighing the
objective merits of a target?
a. Affective
b. Behavioral
c. Cognitive
d. Operant

Answer 3

c

Question 4

Your tendency to experience happy, excited, or nostalgic feelings when you hear your favorite
childhood cartoon theme song being played somewhere can be best explained by the relationship of
attitudes to
a. classical conditioning.
b. operant conditioning.
c. self-perception.
d. values.

Answer 4

a

Question 5

When asked why Jessica preferred dogs over cats, she reasons: “because (1) dogs are friendly, (2) they
create warm and fuzzy feelings in me, and (3) I spend a lot of my time online looking at their photos or
watching their videos.” Each of her reasoning represents which of the following kind of attitudes?
a. Cognitive, Behavioral, Affective
b. Affective, Cognitive, Behavioral
c. Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral
d. Behavioral, Affective, Cognitive

Answer 5

c

Question 6

The major finding of LaPiere’s (1934) classic study on attitudes and behavior involving prejudice and
hotel restaurant owners is that
a. people are more prejudiced than their self-reported attitudes would lead us to believe.
b. people’s attitudes are not always reliable predictors of their behaviors.
c. the less accessible an attitude is, the more likely it is to shape behavior.
d. when it comes to racial prejudice, people’s attitudes are particularly strong predictors of their behaviors.

Answer 6

b

Question 7

Which of the following is true about highly accessible attitudes?

a. It helps predict our deliberate behaviors.
b. It helps predict our future behaviors.
c. It helps predict our spontaneous behaviors.
d. It helps predict our intention.

Answer 7

c

Question 8

All of the following are examples of deliberative behaviors, except:
a. Deciding to major in linguistics rather than sociology after evaluating the pros and cons of both the
subjects.
b. Separating bottles, papers, and other recyclables from pure wastes because of a recently implemented
rule by your local government.
c. Avoiding eating raw fish at a restaurant because ever since you were a child you have been taught that
raw fish is bad for your health.
d. Following the equations given on the information sheet during your chemistry exam.

Answer 8

d

Question 9

Neena plays badminton and is not at all interested in table tennis. Her close friend Simi is participating
in a nationallevel table tennis match being held in their town. Based on subjective norms, what do you
think Neena would do?
a. Neena would watch her favorite movie at home instead.
b. Neena would go and watch the match to avoid
disappointing Simi.
c. Neena would avoid Simi till the match is over.
d. Neena would request a common friend to come and watch the match with her.

Answer 9

b

Question 10

In trying to predict deliberative behaviors, what three considerations must we evaluate?

a. Cognitively based attitudes, behaviorally based attitudes, affectively based attitudes
b. Attitude specificity, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control
c. Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, self-perception theory
d. Attitude accessibility, explicit attitudes, implicit attitudes

Answer 10

b

Question 11

1. According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, which of the following is true?
   a. Strong arguments lead to more of an attitude change regardless of whether the issue is personally
   relevant or not.
   b. The expertise of the source alone mattered for participants to whom the issue was personally relevant.
   c. If the issue was highly relevant to participants, they would be more easily persuaded if they were
   presented with strong arguments.
   d. To persuade participants on an issue that is of low relevance to them, using just the central argument is
   sufficient.

Answer 11

c

Question 12

Which of the following is not one of the three factors considered by the Yale Attitude Change
approach?
a. Nature of the audience
b. Message source
c. Fear
d. Nature of the communication itself

Answer 12

c

Question 13

A group of middle-aged women are watching a newly released advertisement for a 100% lactose-free
milk, Lala100, that features a smiling, muscle-packed Chris Evans shirtless at a beach. According to the
elaboration likelihood model, who do you think would not be very convinced regarding the product being
advertised?
a. Carol, who only just came home from a long day at the office and is pretty exhausted
b. Pam, who has majored in philosophy and enjoys reading about thought experiments
c. Debbie, who’s watching the ad but keeps thinking about how her babysitter just texted her, informing
that her children have flooded the kitchen floor
d. All of the above.

Answer 13

b

Question 14

The physical attractiveness of the source of a persuasive communication would be best described as
which of the
following?
a. Systematic cue
b. Central cue
c. Peripheral cue
d. Rational cue

Answer 14

c

Question 15

Your university is trying to discourage alcohol consumption on campus. In order to so do, the
management kickstarts a campaign and distributes flyers consisting of fear-inducing images and accounts
of various people who have suffered as a result of overdrinking (e.g., pictures of liver cancer patients, etc.).
One semester later, the campaign is found to be ineffective. According to protection motivation theory,
what is the most likely explanation for this failure?
a. The images and accounts on the flyers were not as scary as the management intended it to be.
b. One semester is too short a duration for the results to be effectively visible.
c. The flyers did not give enough information, suggestions, and/or solutions to help reduce alcohol consumption.
d. Images in the flyers should have been replaced with more concrete data regarding the negative effects of drinking.

Answer 15

c

Question 16

Briñol and Petty (2003) conducted a study in which participants tried on headphones while listening to
a persuasive editorial. Half of the participants shook their heads side-to-side while listening; the other half
nodded up-and-down while listening. Which group of participants expressed the greatest agreement with
the arguments expressed in the editorial at the end of the study?
a. The head-shakers who heard weak arguments in the editorial
b. The head-shakers who heard strong arguments in the editorial
c. The head-nodders who heard weak arguments in the editorial
d. The head-nodders who heard strong arguments in the editorial

Answer 16

d

Question 17

1. Research on public service ads designed to promote healthy behavior indicates that such efforts
   a. almost always fail.
   b. are more effective at changing the attitudes of men versus women.
   c. are more effective via television than print ads when their target is young people.
   d. are most effective when they are subliminal.

Answer 17

c

Question 18

2. What is the best advertisement strategy to trigger the audience’s interest in a product?
   a. Make it a celebrity-focused ad about the product.
   b. Motivate the audience to feel a sense of personal relevance for the product.
   c. Tailor the ad to be particularly long such that the audience get exposed to the product for a longer
   period.
   d. Use a catchy jingle in the ad for the product.

Answer 18

b

Question 19

Suppose you are an advertising executive and are trying to market a product that already has several
substitutes or comparable products from competitor brands. The product has little to no advantage over
the other products, and it is not particularly relevant to many people. Under these circumstances, what
would be the most effective advertising strategy for you to adopt?
a. Focus on logical, fact-based arguments.
b. Use subliminal strategies to influence the audience’s minds.
c. Create an emotional connection between the product and the audience.
d. None of the above.

Answer 19

c

Question 20

Research on subliminal influence in advertising demonstrates that subliminal efforts at persuasion are

a. less effective than people assume them to be.
b. more effective than people assume them to be.
c. more effective in individualistic versus collectivistic cultures.
d. more effective in collectivistic versus individualistic cultures.

Answer 20

a

Question 21

Hatoum and Belle (2004) examined the relationship between media consumption and bodily concerns
in a random sample of male college students. Their research found that
a. unrealistically idealized presentations of male bodies in the media led the men to join a gym.
b. reading male-oriented magazines that present the “hypermuscular” male body significantly correlated
with negative feelings about one’s body.
c. reading male-oriented magazines that present the “hypermuscular”
male body significantly correlated with positive feelings about one’s body.
d. reading male-oriented magazines had no relationship with the men valuing skinniness in women.

Answer 21

b

Question 22

1. The concept of attitude inoculation indicates that we are better able to resist a later attempt to change
   our attitudes when we are first exposed to arguments that
   a. support our existing attitude.
   b. are weakened versions of arguments we might hear later.
   c. prevent us from considering alternative viewpoints ahead of time.
   d. lead us to pay more attention to peripheral cues.

Answer 22

b

Question 23

Which of the following is the best explanation for why product placement can be effective at changing
attitudes?
a. It tends to operate via the central route to persuasion.
b. The audience is often unaware that an effort at attitude change is occurring.
c. It usually leads to a reactance response.
d. Cognitively based efforts at persuasion tend to have longer-lasting effects.

Answer 23

b

Question 24

Peer pressure effects tend to be linked most often to what type of attitude?

a. Cognitively based attitudes
b. Affectively based attitudes
c. Inoculated attitudes
d. Negative attitudes

Answer 24

b

Question 25

Based on research, what can you do such that your adolescent little sister, who’s going away to a new
school in the city, can resist any kind of peer pressure to smoke, drink, or take drugs?
a. Get her to attend multiple seminars that discuss the negative outcomes of smoking and drinking.
b. Make emotional appeals to her about your family values and simulate logical peer arguments ahead of
time.
c. Reprimand her beforehand and make her aware of the drastic measures you would take if she’s
discovered.
d. All of the above.

Answer 25

b

Question 26

5. Which of the following is true about reactance theory?
   a. People react more strongly if their cognitive freedom is threatened.
   b. People react more strongly if their affective freedom is threatened.
   c. People react more strongly if their behavioral freedom is threatened.
   d. None of the above.

Answer 26

c