Kap 8: Konformitet og lydighed

Question 1

1. Which of the following is the most direct and powerful example of social influence?
   a. Complying with a polite request made by a friend
   b. Conforming to a group norm
   c. Obedience to an order from an authority figure
   d. Emotion-based attitudes

Answer 1

c

Question 2

2. Which of the following statements is true about conformity?
   a. People continue to behave in a manner they think is right even though the situation is confusing.
   b. People act in accordance with others when they do not fear social rejection.
   c. People conform because they do not bother about the expectations of others.
   d. People change their behavior due to the powerful influence of other people.

Answer 2

d

Question 3

3. All of the following are reasons for why people conform, except that
   a. they want to influence or become a role model for others.
   b. they do not know what to do in a confusing or unusual situation.
   c. they want to avoid being ridiculed or punished for being different from others.
   d. they want to gain social acceptance and/or to meet others’ expectations.

Answer 3

a

Question 4

1. You closely follow a senior colleague’s advice on how to behave at an academic conference as you are
   unfamiliar with conference etiquettes. This is an example of
   a. private information influence.
   b. public compliance influence.
   c. informational social influence.
   d. accuracy motivation.

Answer 4

c

Question 5

2. Which of the following statements regarding Sherif’s (1936) study of perceptions of the autokinetic
   effect is true?
   a. Participants conformed publicly but not privately.
   b. Participants did conform, but the effects of this conformity were short lived as they reverted to their
   previous, individually given responses once they were no longer part of a group.
   c. Participants conformed because they were in a group with their friends, and they simply wanted to fit in
   with the group.
   d. Participants conformed because they believed the other people’s responses were accurate.

Answer 5

d

Question 6

The more important it is to people to make an accurate decision,
a. the less likely they are to conform to informational social influence.
b. the more likely they are to conform to informational social influence.
c. the more they seek to make that decision on their own, uninfluenced by what the people around them
have to say.
d. the more they will prefer public to private conformity.

Answer 6

b

Question 7

4. Which of the following explains why young and inexperienced army or police recruits are usually
   found to be willing to shoot at villagers and humiliate prisoners?
   a. The situation is ambiguous and they see other soldiers doing the same.
   b. They are panicky and uncertain; therefore, they rely on emulating others’ behaviors and actions.
   c. They believe that this is what they are supposed to do, following the more experienced soldiers.
   d. All of the above.

Answer 7

d

Question 8

1. Societal rules regarding acceptable behavior are known as
   a. conformity.
   b. social norms.
   c. minority influence.
   d. convergence.

Answer 8

b

Question 9

2. Asch’s line-judgment research indicated that
   a. participants demonstrated public conformity without private acceptance.
   b. every single participant conformed at least one time.
   c. conformity was greater when participants wrote down their responses rather than said them aloud.
   d. conformity occurs only on a task that is of personal importance to the individual.

Answer 9

a

Question 10

3. When we experience informational social influence, it tends to impact _______. When we experience
   normative social
   influence, it tends to impact ______.
   a. public compliance; private acceptance.
   b. private acceptance; public compliance.
   c. compliance; obedience.
   d. obedience; compliance.

Answer 10

b

Question 11

4. When asked to vote for the exam format of their Social Psychology class, 43 out of 50 students wanted
   the exam to be in a multiple-choice question format, while the remaining students requested for at least
   two open-ended question to be included. After over an hour of discussion, none of the seven students
   were willing to change their mind. According to research, what would be the most likely response of the
   rest of the class to this deviance?
   a. They will use their majority to get the desired exam format and ignore the seven students who wanted
   otherwise.
   b. They will come to appreciate the seven students’ principled stand and begin to reconsider their own
   request.
   c. They will seek to change the minority group’s opinion by using idiosyncrasy credits.
   d. They will try to punish the minority group of students by being generally unpleasant toward them.

Answer 11

b

Question 12

a. Conformity is more likely among groups of strangers than within established groups that are important
to us.
b. Social influence increases in a linear fashion as a group grows in size; in other words, each new member
added to a group adds the same amount of social influence as the previous member added.
c. The more immediate a group is, the more social influence it tends to exert.
d. Conformity is less prevalent in collectivist cultures than it is in individualistic cultures.

Answer 12

c

Question 13

6. Minority group members can influence the majority group members through
   a. normative social influence.
   b. informational social influence.
   c. public acceptance of information.
   d. idiosyncrasy credit.

Answer 13

b

Question 14

1. A \_\_\_\_ norm involves perceptions of which behaviors society approves of; a \_\_\_\_ norm involves
perceptions of how
people actually behave.
a. public; private
b. private; public
c. descriptive; injunctive
d. injunctive; descriptive

Answer 14

d

Question 15

2. Almost everyone knows that littering is wrong, but not everyone follows this principle—at least not all
   the time. Based on the idea of descriptive and injunctive norms, which of the following interventions
   would be most effective in promoting and sustaining anti-littering behavior?
   a. Present people with a video showing the importance of keeping our environment clean.
   b. Present people with statistical data showing the prevalence of littering behavior.
   c. Present people with information showing the consequence or punishment for littering.
   d. Present people with statistical data showing how cooperative most people are in keeping the
   environment clean.

Answer 15

d

Question 16

3. Which of the following provides an illustration of how the use of norms to change behavior can backfire
   and produce a “boomerang effect”?
   a. Jerry finds out that everyone in his building is conserving water by installing a low-flow shower head, so
   he decides that he doesn’t need to worry about conserving, and he begins taking even longer showers
   than usual.
   b. Elaine notices that the new, attractive guy at the office brings a reusable cup instead of bottled water,
   so she goes out of her way to show off her reusable cup whenever he is in the vicinity in order to win his
   affection.
   c. Kramer finds out that he is using more electricity than most people in the neighborhood, so he cuts
   down on his usage by shutting off his computer, lights, and hot tub every time he leaves his apartment.
   d. George finds out that all of his neighbors are stealing cable television, so he decides that he will get an
   illegal cable hookup as well.

Answer 16

a

Question 17

4. The foot-in-the-door technique
   a. works only when the second request comes from the same person as the first request.
   b. capitalizes on people’s desire for self-consistency.
   c. is an example of propaganda.
   d. works only when the requests come from someone in a position of authority.

Answer 17

b

Question 18

5. The door-in-the-face technique
   a. is an example of informational social influence.
   b. illustrates the importance of people’s desire to be accurate.
   c. relies at least in part on norms of reciprocity.
   d. is more likely to work during a time of crisis.

Answer 18

c

Question 19

1. Which of the following was a goal of Milgram’s obedience research?
   a. To identify the abnormal personality characteristics associated with sadistic behavior
   b. To justify and exonerate the behaviors linked to genocide and other inhuman acts
   c. To better understand the social forces that contribute to destructive and immoral behavior
   d. To identify cultural differences in aggression

Answer 19

c

Question 20

2. Which of the following statements about Milgram’s obedience study is true?
   a. When the experimenter was in the same room as the participant, obedience decreased.
   b. No “teacher” participant attempted to end the study and help the “learner” participant.
   c. When other “teachers” refused to continue with the study, participants’ obedience rates declined
   significantly.
   d. The Milgram experiment was conducted in the 1960s and can no longer be replicated.

Answer 20

c

Question 21

3. Which of the following is one of the reasons the participants in Milgram’s study followed the orders by
   the experimenters?
   a. The participants unintentionally adhered to a norm that did not exist by blindly obeying the
   experimenter when they were not required to.
   b. The participants were caught in an escalation of commitment by increasing the electric shocks by a
   small increment of 15 volts, one step at a time.
   c. The participants thought the learner deserved the electric shocks for not getting the test questions right
   even though they were easy.
   d. The participants did not care about the purpose of the study since they were there to receive monetary
   reward.

Answer 21

a

Question 22

4. Which of the following is a common ethical concern raised about the Milgram study?
   a. Participants’ compensation was low.
   b. Participants were forced to learn unpleasant things about themselves without agreeing to that ahead of
   time.
   c. Participants were never given the chance to serve in the role of learner.
   d. Participants had to receive a sample shock of 75 volts before the study began.

Answer 22

b

Question 23

5. Which of the following is a change that Burger (2009) made from the original Milgram study when he
   replicated the research several decades later?
   a. He examined only female participants.
   b. The study was stopped once participants went past 150 volts.
   c. He told participants that the study was part of research on the effects of punishment on learning.
   d. He paid participants for their involvement.

Answer 23

b