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CTGN Finals > Karyotyping (PPT proper) > Flashcards

Karyotyping (PPT proper) Flashcards

1
Q

Karyotyping methods is ___ (classical/molecular) cytogenetics

A

Classical

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2
Q

The number and appearance of chromosome in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

A

Karyotype

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3
Q

Information found on the karyotype (4)

A

Size of chromosome
Position of centromere
Presence of secondary constrictions
Size of satellites

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4
Q

Karyotype comes from the Greek word “___”, which means ___

A

Karyon
Nucleus

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5
Q

The study of the whole sets of chromosomes

A

Karyology

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6
Q

The standard format of representing chromosomes as diagram when the haploid set of chromosomes of an organism are ordered in a series of decreasing size

A

Idiogram or karyogram

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7
Q

Show larger differences between smaller and larger chromosome in a set

A

Asymmetric karyotype

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8
Q

Have more acrocentric chromosomes and relatively advance feature

A

Asymmetric karyotype

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9
Q

Show lesser difference between smaller and larger chromosome in a set

A

Symmetric karyotype

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10
Q

Have more metacentric chromosomes and no advanced feature

A

Symmetric karyotype

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11
Q

In 1931, __ ____, a Russian scientist suggested that in flowering plants there is a predominant trend towards karyotype asymmtery

A

GA Levitzky

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12
Q

Proportion of metacentric, acrocentric chromosomes in a set

A

Degree of asymmetry

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13
Q

Ratio between size of largest and smallest chromosomes in a set

A

Degree of asymmetry

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14
Q

The reagent that induces mitotic activity

A

Phytohemagglutin (PHA)

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15
Q

Arrests the cell cycle at metaphase stage

A

Colcemic (colchicine)

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16
Q

A part of a chromosome which is clearly distinguishable from its adjacent segments by appearing darker or lighter

A

Band

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17
Q

A process where DNA and histones causes nucleosomes to pack tightly together

A

Methylation

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18
Q

A process which results in loose packing of nucleosomes

A

Histone acetylation

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19
Q

5 major steps in karyotypimg

A
  1. Short term lymphocyte culture
  2. Harvesting of lymphocyte
  3. Fixing the cells
  4. Making the chromosome slides
  5. Slide analysis
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20
Q

In the short term lymphocyte culture, the cells must be in ___ phase because splitting of a cell line __ days before harvesting, and changing the medium __ day before harvesting, stimulates cell ___ significantly

A

Logarithmic
2
1
Proliferation

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21
Q

In the harvesting of lymphocytes, addition of pre-warmed ___ (also known as ___), is done into the culture which is incubated for ___ mins

A

Colcemid
Colchicine
15

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22
Q

In the harvesting of lymphocytes, optimal exposure time to colcemid requires a balance between ____ ____ ___ of cells and ___ of colcemid

A

proliferative activity index
concentration

23
Q

In the harvesting of lymphocyte, the tube must be centrifuged at ___ RPM for __ mins and the cell pellet should be resuspended in warm ___ solution (can be ___ or ___ ___) and should be incubated at ___ (temperature) for ___ mins

A

Hypotonic
KCl
Sodium citrate
room temp
15

24
Q

In the harvesting of lymphocytes, additional modifications that allow enrichment of long (prometaphase) chromosomes is by using ___ __ or ___ ___ (added before harvesting), or ___ (__), added before colcemid treatment

A

Actonimycin D
Ethidium bromide
Bromodeoxyuridine
BrdU

25
Q

In fixing the cells, the cell suspension in ___ state will be centrifuged for ___ RPM for __ mins

A

Hypotonic
1200
5

26
Q

In fixing the cells, the cell pellet should be treated with fixative solution. What is the component for this solution? Otherwise called as?

A

Absolute methanol : Glacial Acetic acid in 3:1 ratio
Carnoy’s fixative

27
Q

The process of fixing the cells will be repeated for how many times? What is the temperature of incubation and for how many minutes?

A

3 times
4 degrees Celsius
10

28
Q

In making the chromosome slides, how many cold slides should be layered next to each other in a paper towel?

A

5-6

29
Q

In making the chromosome slide, how many drops of the sample should be dropped onto each slide?

A

2-3

30
Q

In making the chromosome slide, what banding will be stained?

A

GTG-banding

31
Q

In slide analysis, the slides that will be chosen for analysis and visualization must be:

  1. Properly ___ chromosomes
  2. Clearly defined ___ spreading
A

Trypsinized
Metaphase

32
Q

Banding technique in 1958 by Caperson et al.

A

Quinacrine

33
Q

Banding technique in 1971 by Summer et al.

A

Giemsa

34
Q

Banding technique in 1973 by Matsui & Sasaki

A

NOR

35
Q

Banding technique in 1978 by Linde & Laurse

A

Centromeric

36
Q

Identify the banding type:

Giemsa stain
AT-rich regions stain darker than GC-rich regions

A

G-Banding

37
Q

Identify the banding type:

Quinacrine fluorescent dye stains AT-rich regions

A

Q-banding

38
Q

Identify the banding type:

Banding pattern is opposite G-banding

A

R-banding

39
Q

Identify the banding type:

Stains heterochromatic regions close to the centromere

A

C-banding

40
Q

Identify the banding type:

Usually stains the entire long arm of the Y chromosome

A

C-banding

41
Q

Identify the banding type:

Simple and Versatile
Used where G band is not accepted
Used in study of chromosome heteromorphism

A

Q-banding

42
Q

Identify the banding type:

Has a tendency to fade during examination
Photo-degradation

A

Q-banding

43
Q

Identify the banding type:

Chromopore absorb light of a particular wavelength due to a chemical bond formed between dye and light

A

Q-banding

44
Q

Identify the banding type:

UV light breaks the chemical bond

A

Q-banding

45
Q

Identify the banding type:

Used in identification of bands rich in Sulfur content

A

G-banding

46
Q

Identify the banding type:

Used in the identification of chromosomal abnormalities and in Gene mapping

A

G-banding

47
Q

Identify the banding type:

Not used in plants

A

G-banding

48
Q

Identify the banding type:

Used in the identification of nucleolar organize region

A

N-banding

49
Q

Identify the banding type:

Superior banding pattern for plants

A

N-banding

50
Q

Identify the banding type:

Identification of chromosomes particularly in insects and plants

A

C-banding

51
Q

Identify the banding type:

Identification of bivalents at diakineses using both centromere position

A

C-banding

52
Q

Identify the banding type:

For paternity testing and gene mapping

A

C-banding

53
Q

In ISHCN, the lowest number is given to the one ___ (proximal/distal) to the centromere, while the highest number is at the ___ (proximal/distal) to centromere

A

Proximal
Distal

CTGN Finals (6 decks)

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