keep forgetting !!

Question 1

what effect can pharmacokinetic antagonists have - give example

Answer 1

Some antibiotics increase the metabolism of drugs like warfarin, reducing its effective concentration in the blood steam

Question 2

what is physiological antagonism, give example of this

Answer 2

When two or more drugs interact with opposing actions in the body or act through separate cells/difference transduction systems

eg. Noradrenaline raises arterial blood pressure by acting on the heart and peripheral blood vessels while histamine acts to reduce arterial blood pressure by causing vasodilation

Question 3

give the action of Non-competitive antagonists , give an example

Answer 3

do not compete with the agonist but block some step in theprocess between the receptor and the response

e.g. Dihydropyridines bind to an block Ca 2+ channels rather than the receptor itself which is activated by noradrenaline

Question 4

what are prostoglandins

Answer 4

lipids made ad the site of infection of tissue damage

control - inflammation, blood flow, clotting, uterus contraction

Question 5

what can inhibit the Na+/K+ pump

Answer 5

cardiac glyscosides - oaubain and digoxin

Question 6

what is the metformin transporter

Answer 6

OCT 1

Question 7

what is the paracetamol intermediate

Answer 7

NAPQ1 its toxic

Question 8

what is cyclosporin and what is its action

Answer 8

immunosuppressant for rheumatoid arthritis,Crohn’s disease, in organ transplants

bidns to cycloophillin in the cell, blocks action of calcineurin, dephospho rylation of NF kappa Beta so no transcription of cytokines

Question 9

3 things that can be done to change the open probability of a transporter

Answer 9

HC03
pH change
Gprotien

Question 10

anion concentration in the cell

Answer 10

65 IC

0 EC

Question 11

what family is the Ca2+ pump in

Answer 11

the Ptype ATPase family

Question 12

when activated what will PLC cause

Answer 12

PIP2 to split into IP3 and DAG

Question 13

what can activate Ryanodine receptors

Answer 13

ryanodine, cADP ribose and caffeine

Question 14

what inhibits AE3

Answer 14

DIDS

Question 15

how many TM domains does AE have

Answer 15

14 > 8 is important in transport

Question 16

How many TM domains does NHE1 have

Answer 16

12

Question 17

what inhibits NHE1

Answer 17

ammiloride /EIPA

Question 18

what activates PKC

Answer 18

calcium

Question 19

what activates PKA

Answer 19

ATP

Question 20

example of and antioxidant

Answer 20

asorbic acid

Question 21

example of a free radical scavenger

Answer 21

ethanol

Question 22

example of a chemical antagonist

Answer 22

dimercaprol

Question 23

how to limit desensitisation

Answer 23

add antagonist

Question 24

2 adverse reactions you can have to biopharmaceuicals

Answer 24

1. exaggerated pharm - hgiher specificity than planned

2. Antidrug antibody reaction - accelerated clearance or exposure prolonged

Question 25

what is the partition coefficient

Answer 25

measure of the lipophilicity of a drug and an indication of its ability to cross the cell membrane

Question 26

what does a high partition coefficent show

Answer 26

efficient at entering the lipid compartment - usually non polar Are more rapidly filtered by kidneys though want a high PC for CNS drugs

Question 27

pH in stomach, plasma and kidneys/urine

Answer 27

stomach - 2.5. plasma 7.1 kidneys/urine 8

Question 28

2 things that can and 2 that cannot cross the BBB

Answer 28

can - Ethanol and caffeine | Cant - chemotherapy drugs, antibiotics

Question 29

3 types of Prostanoids

Answer 29

prostoglandis, thromboxanes prostocyclins

Question 30

what do thromboxanes do and example

Answer 30

mediate vasoconstriction and clot formation eg. (TXA2)

Question 31

role of prosotocyclins

Answer 31

inhibit platlet aggregation and vasodalation

Question 32

COX 1 role and location

Answer 32

in kidney and colon, on all the time, produce prostaglandins involved in platelet aggregation and mucus secretion

Question 33

asprin role, where absorbed and what can it treat

Answer 33

rapidly absorbed in the ileum prevents COX 1 working so stomach ulceration can treat - alzheimers, colon caner and thrombosis

Question 34

what is rheumatoid arthritis and risk factors (2)

Answer 34

inflammation of the synovial joint genetics and smoking

Question 35

activation of TH1 cells results in

Answer 35

1. activates macrophages 2. they secrete cytokines 3. recruit cells that erode cartilage and bone (fibroblasts and osteoblasts )

Question 36

3 types of DMARDs and there action

Answer 36

methotrexate - folic acid antagonist sulfasalazine drugs with metal ions - free radical scavengers

Question 37

mast cells role and role in late stage asthma

Answer 37

release granules to fight parasitic infections in late stage asthma - mast cell activation causes inflammation, cytokines cause leukocytes infiltration

Question 38

TH2 cell activity

Answer 38

make IgE antibodies