Ketosis Flashcards
(25 cards)
what is clinical ketosis?
INCREASE IN KETONE BODIES (acetone, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate)
ketosis clinical signs
- anorexia
- decreased milk production
- firm dry feces
- loss of body weight
- nervous signs (occasional)
what samples should we take to diagnose ketosis?
milk, urine, blood all options
threshold of blood BHB consistently associated with clinical signs
There is no threshold of blood BHB consistently associated with clinical signs
problem with diagnosing ketosis
Diagnosis relies on Clinical Signs
- Anorexia, Decreased Milk
- Often goes Unnoticed
Nervous Ketosis clinical signs
- Excessive licking, pica, hypersalivation
- Circling, wandering, head pressing
- Agitation, belligerence, aggression
- Staggering, ataxia
- Tremors > tetany
- Mania, bellowing
- Hyperesthesia
- Weakness
=> symptoms may wax and wane
Pregnancy Toxemia in Ewes
- when do we see it? risk factors?
- Late gestation (final 2 – 4 weeks):
- Often in ewes carrying twins
- Decreased rumen capacity
- Inadequate feed supply or quality
- External stressors (eg. inclement weather, stress)
- Primary disease
- Individual susceptibility
Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) of Beef Cows - when does this occur? contributing factors?
- Late gestation:
- Often in animals carrying twins
- Decreased rumen capacity
- Inadequate feed supply or quality
- External stressors (eg. inclement weather, stress)
association of serum non-esterified fatty acids and displaced abomasum around calving time
NEFA in week -1 and +1 are more predictive of disease than BHBA (beta-hydroxy-butyric acid ) alone
> but can’t be measured cow-side or on-farm
Association of serum BHBA and DA
- Ketosis typically precedes DA
- BHBA increase starts before calving but is most predictive in week +1
does ketosis treatment rate on farms relate to ketosis incidence
Clinical ketosis treatment rate is a poor estimate of ketosis
what proportion of dairy farms have ketosis present? prevalence?
Ketosis is present on all farms
Weekly point prevalence = 20%
Distribution of prevalence of ketosis in week 1 postpartum? consequences?
- 19% of cows had BHBA ≥ 1.2 mmol/l in week 1
- 40% of herds had > 15% of cows with ketosis
> This herd‐level threshold associated with
increase DA rate and decreased pregnancy rate and early lactation milk yield
Incidence (first diagnosis) of ketosis
Based on weekly testing:
* median time to diagnosis of clinical ketosis = 11 DIM
* 50% of ketosis cases diagnosed between 3 and 5 DIM
Based on testing 3X/week:
* 75% of ketosis diagnosed between 3 and 7 DIM
subclinical ketosis (serum BHB > 1.0 - 1.4 mmol/L in early lactation is associated with:
- 4-8x increased risk of LDA
- decreased milk production in week 1
> but not later on? (maybe even increased?) - 1.8x increased oddsof culling < 60 DIM
- increased severity of mastitis
- inconsistent effects on neutrophil function
effects of subclinical ketosis on milk production
Estimated losses:
- 300-450 kg per lactation
> most in first 100 days, inverted peaks in lactation curve
- 1st DHI Test: Linear Loss with increased BHBA (subclinical ketosis BHBA >1.4 mmol/L)
- 1.4 kg, > 1400 umol/L serum BHBA
- 1.8 kg, > 1600 umol/L serum BHBA
- 3.2 kg, > 1800 umol/L serum BHBA
- 4.2 kg, > 2000 umol/L serum BHBA
> still a bit less production at week 2, but comes closer at week 3
Subclinical ketosis (serum BHB > 1.0 – 1.4 mmol/L) in early lactation is associated with:
- 3 X Increased risk of metritis (not in all studies)
- 1.4 X greater odds of endometritis (uterine inflammation based on cytology) at 35 DIM
- 1.5 X increased odds of being anovular (not cyclic) at 63 DIM (19% vs. 13% of cows)
- Decrease in pregnancy at first AI
- point prevalence > 20% associated with herd annual pregnancy at first AI < 40%
- BHB > 1.2 mmol/L in any of 1st 5 weeks postpartum associated with lower 6-week in-calf in pasture system
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Ketosis in week 1 or 2 decreased pregnancy rate
effects of ketosis on reproduction depends on
milk yield (or vice versa)
- low yield cows seem to have more pregnancy failure
economic cost of ketosis
$289 US per case
cow-side tests for ketosis
Milk
- keto-test
Urine
- Sensitivity = 79%; Specificity = 96%
Blood
- Precision XTRA (freestyle Neo)
> Sensitivity = 87-100%
> Specificity = 74-100%
Routine ketosis screening and treatment uses
- study had 1/2cows treated with propylene glycol,1/2untreated
- treated cows has
> shorter time to ketosis cure (~ 5 vs 7 d) - ↑ ketosis cure – 1.5x
- ↑ milk production – 0.69 kg/d to 30 DIM (varied by herd)
- ↓ DA risk – 0.63x
- ↓ culling risk – 0.32x
Ketosis treatment summary
Based on ketosis cure +1 and +2 weeks and milk yield to 30 DIM
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- Blood BHB ≥ 1.2 but < 2.4 mmol/L (or KetoTest = 100)
> Treat with 3 d glycol 300g 1X/day
- BloodBHB>2.4mmol/L(KetoTest≥200)
> Treat with 5 d glycol - If BHB > 1.2 mmol/L and glucose < 2.2 mmol/L (38% of cases)
> Add treatment with Catosal or B12 (1.25 mg) for 3 d - retest at end of treatment
- addition of dexamethasone not recommended
- treat nervous ketosis with IV dextrose; otherwise not
Once-daily milking (ODM) as treatment for ketosis
- effective?
- no difference in DMI
- Pregnancy at first AI (~85 DIM)
ODM 45%
TDM 30%
Testing and treatment programs for ketosis
- most cost effective?
- Models of cost-benefit of treating every cow vs.testing 1 – 3 X/week; all ketotic cows treated with propylene glycol for 5 d
- Given the model assumptions and their variations, for herds with 15 to 50% incidence of ketosis, most cost-effective was to test 2X per week between 3 and 9 DIM (identified 80% of cases)
- Herd DA and early culling risk were the most influential variables (greater benefit at higher risks)
