Key associations Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis
A
Percursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing’s ulcer
(increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling’s ulcer
(greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
Skip lesions
(Crohn’s disease)
5
Q
Dissecting aneurysm
A
hypertension
6
Q
Abdominal and descending aortic aneurysm
A
Atherosclerosis
7
Q
Ascending aortic aneurysm
A
Marfan’s syndrome
(idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
8
Q
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies in brain
A
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
(thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion)
9
Q
Autosplenectomy
(fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell anemia (HbS)
10
Q
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
A
H. pylori
11
Q
Bacterial menengitis (adult and elderly)
A
Neisseria meningitidis
12
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
Group B streptococcus (newborns)
S.pneumonia/Neisseria meningitdis (kids)
13
Q
Benign melanocytic nevus
A
Spitz nevus
(most common in first two decades)
14
Q
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier disease
(defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor)
15
Q
Brain tumor (adults)
A
Metastisis (most likely)
> astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme
> Meningioma
> Schwannoma (least likely)
16
Q
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: Medulloblastoma (Cerebellum)
Supratentorial: Craniopharyngioma (Cerebrum)
17
Q
Breast cancer
A
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
(In U.S. 1 in 9 women develop breast cancer)
18
Q
Breast mass
A
1) Fibrocystic change
2) Carcinoma in postmenopausal women
19
Q
Breast tumor (benign)
A
Rhabdomyoma
(often seen in tuberous sclerosis)
20
Q
Cardiac manifesations of lupus
A
Libman-Sacks endocardidits
(nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
21
Q
Cardiac tumor (adults)
A
- Metastasis
- primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)
22
Q
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
A
Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
23
Q
Chronic arrhythmia
A
Atrial fibrillation
(associated with high risk of emboli)
24
Q
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
A
Predispostion to gastric carcinoma
(can also cause pernicious anemia)
25
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
26
Compression fracture
Osteoporosis
(Type 1: postmenopausal women)
(Type 2: elderly man or women)
27
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
28
Congenital cardiac anomoly
Ventricular septal defect
29
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
(inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
30
Constrictive pericardidits
Tuberculosis (developing world)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)
31
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD \> RCA \> LCA
32
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/ hypothyroidism
33
Cushing's syndrome
1. Coricosteroid therapy
2. Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary
2. Small cell lung carcinoma
34
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Left --\> right shunt at first
Tetralogy of fallot
Transpostion of great vessels
Truncus arteriosus
35
Cyanosis (late; more common)
Right --\> left shunt at presentation
Ventricular septal defect
Atrial septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
36
Death in CML
Blast crisis
37
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
38
Dementia
1. Alzheimer's disease
2. multiple infarcts
39
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
40
DIC
Gram-negative sepsis
Obstetric complications
Cancer
Burn trauma
41
Most common dietary deficit
Most common vitamin deficiency
Dietary: Iron
Vitamin: Folic acid (pregnant women)
42
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
43
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonary stenosis
44
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)
Adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
45
Food poisoning
| (endotoxin mediated)
S. aureus
B. cereus
46
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger's disease
| (IgA nephropathy)
47
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (U.S.)
Cervical carcinoma (worldwide)
48
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
49
Heart valve in affected in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral (rheumatic fever)
Aortic (2nd in rheumatic fever)
Tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
50
Helminth infection (U.S)
1. Enterobius vermicularis
2. Ascaris lumbricoides
51
Epidural hematoma
Rupture of middle meningeal artery
| (trauma; lens shaped)
52
Subdural hematoma
Rupture of bridging veins
| (crescent shaped)
53
Hemochromatosis
| (iron overload)
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation
(can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes," and incresed risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
54
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver
| (Hepatitis B and C)
55
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand's disease
56
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilber's syndrome
(benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
57
HLA-B27
_PAIR_
Psoriasis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Inflammatory bowel disease (Ulcerative colitis)
Reiter's Syndrome
58
HLA-DR3
Type 1 DM
59
Holosystolic murmur
Ventricular septal defect
Tricuspid regurigation
Mitral regurgitation
60
Hypercoaguabliity
Blood stasis
Endothelial damage
Vichow's triad
| (results in venous thrombosis)
61
Secondary hypertension
Renal disease
62
Hypoparathyrodism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
63
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma
| (usually benign)
64
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
65
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
Staphylococcus aureus
E.coli
Aspergillus (catalase positive)
66
Kidney stones
1. Calcium = radiopaue
2. Struvite (ammonium)= radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms like proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
3. Uric acid= radiolucent
67
Late cyanotic shunt
(uncorrected left --\> right becomes right --\> left)
Eisenmenger's syndrome
(pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
_Caused by_
Ventral septal defect
Atrial septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
68
Liver disease
Alchoholic cirrhosis
69
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher's disease
70
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
71
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin's lymphoma
72
Most common malignant skin tumor
Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
73
Mental retardation
1. Down sydrome
2. Fragile X syndrome
74
Metastases to bone
Breast, lung, thyroid, tests, prostate, kidney
75
Metastases to brain
Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI
76
Metastases to liver
Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas
77
Mitochondrial inheritance pattern
Affected females give disease to all children
Both males and females can be affected
78
Autosomal recessive inheritance pattern
Skips generations
79
X-linked recessive inheritance pattern
Affects mostly males
No male-to-male transmission
80
X-linked dominant disease inheritance
Affected Male --\> gives to all Daughters
Affected mother --\> can give to son or daughter
81
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
82
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS
83
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
84
Neoplasm (kids)
1. ALL
2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma
85
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
86
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
(associated with infections/vaccinations)
(treat with corticosteroids)
87
GnRH neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome
88
Nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella
E.coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
89
Obstruction of male urinary tract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
90
Opening snap on heart sounds
Mitral stenosis
91
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocysis jiroveci pneumonia
(formerly carinii: PCP)
92
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus
93
Osteomyelitis in sicke cell disease
Salmonella
94
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas
S. aureus
95
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
96
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
97
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
98
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones
Alcohol
99
Chrinic pancreatitis
Alchohol (adults)
Cystic fibrosis (kids)
100
ALL, CLL, AML, CML
classification by age
ALL: Child
CML: Adult 30-60 years old
AML: Adult ~ 60 years old
CLL: Adult \> 60 yrs old
101
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)
102
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
CML
| (somtimes associated with ALL/AML)
103
Pituitary tumor
1. Prolactinoma
2. Somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma
104
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45XO)
105
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
106
Primary hyperadosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
107
Primary hyperparathyroidism
1. Adenomas
2. Hyperplasia
3. Carcinoma
108
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma
(chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antityrpsin)
109
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
110
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger's disease
(strongly associated with tobacco use)
111
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and adult polycystic kidney disease
Paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
112
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
cor pulmonale
113
S3 (diastolic gallop)
| (after S2)
_Increased ventricular filling_
Left --\> right shunt
Mitral regurgitation
Left ventriclar failure [CHF]
114
S4 (presystolic gallop)
| (before S1)
_Stiff/hypertrophic vessel_
aortic stenosis
restrictive cardiomyopathy
115
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
116
Sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia
| (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
117
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
118
Site of GI diverticula
Sigmoid colon
119
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta \> coronary \> popliteal \> carotid
120
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
121
Stomach ulcerations
High gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
| (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
122
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
123
t(8;14)
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
124
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome
CML
(bcr-abl fusion)
125
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery
Polymyalgia rheumatica
126
Testicular tumor
Seminoma
127
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
128
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma
(estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
129
Tumor in infancy
Hemangioma
(usually regresses spontanesouly by childhood)
130
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma
| (usually benign)
131
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neurobastoma (malignant)
132
Most common type of Hodgkin's lymphoma
Nodular sclerosis
(vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
133
Most common type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Diffuse large cell
134
UTI
E.coli
Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
135
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
136
HLA-A3
Hemachromatosis
137
HLA-B8
Grave's disease
138
HLA-DR2
Multiple sclerosis
Hay fever
SLE
Goodpasture's syndrome
139
HLA-DR4
Rheumatoid arthritis
Type 1 DM
140
HLA-DR5
Pernicious anemia --\> B12 deficiency
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
141
HLA-DR7
Steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome
142
t(15;17) translocation
Promyeloblastic type (M3) of AML
MPO+ staining = auer rods
treated with all trans retinoic acid
143
t(11;22) translocation
Ewings sarcoma
(11+22=33 patrick ewing's number)
Malignant bone cancer on diaphysis of bone
144
t(11;14) translocation
Mantle cell lymphoma
Cyclin D overexpression
"Lance armstrong has 11 CyclinD trophies on his mantle"
