Key Associations Flashcards
(135 cards)
0
Q
Cushing’s ulcer
A
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury (⬆️ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
1
Q
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
A
Actinic (solar) keratosis
2
Q
Curling’s ulcer
A
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
3
Q
Skip lesions
A
Alternating areas of TRANSMURAL inflammation and normal colon (Crohn’s disease)
4
Q
Aneurysm, dissecting
A
Hypertension
5
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
A
Atherosclerosis
6
Q
Aortic aneurysm, arch
A
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
7
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
A
Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
8
Q
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
9
Q
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)
10
Q
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
A
H. pylori
11
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
12
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
Group B streptococcus (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)
13
Q
Spitz nevus
A
Benign melanocytic nevus (most common in first two decades)
14
Q
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
A
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor)
15
Q
Brain tumor (adults)
A
Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including gliobastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
16
Q
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)
17
Q
Breast cancer
A
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the U.S., 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)
18
Q
Breast mass
A
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
19
Q
Breast tumor (benign)
A
Fibroadenoma
20
Q
Primary cardiac tumor (kids)
A
Rhabdomyoma (often seen in tuberous sclerosis)
21
Q
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
A
Libmann-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
22
Q
Cardiac tumor (adults)
A
Metastasis
Most common primary cardiac tumor in adults: myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)
23
Q
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
A
Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
24
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
25
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
26
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina
DES exposure in uterus
27
Compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
28
21-hydroxylase deficiency
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), hypotension, hyperkalemia (most common cause of CAH)
29
11-beta-hydroxylase
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), hypertension, hypokalemia (2nd most common cause of CAH)
30
Content cardiac anomaly
VSD
31
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver) [inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile]
32
Constrictive pericarditis
Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)
33
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LDA > RCA > LCA
34
Cretinism
Iodine deficiency/hypothyroidism
35
Cushing's syndrome
- Iatrogenic Cushing's (from corticosteroid therapy)
- Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol; Cushing's disease)
- ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
- Paraneoplastic Cushing's (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
36
Cyanosis (early; less commn)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
37
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
38
Death in CML
Blast crisis
39
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
40
Dementia
Alzheimer's disease, multiple infarcts
41
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
42
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
43
Dietary deficit
Iron
44
Diverticulitis in pharynx
Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by Barium swallow)
45
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
46
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
47
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
48
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
49
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
50
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
51
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
52
Helminth infection (U.S.)
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
53
Hematoma - epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shape)
54
Hematoma - subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
55
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusion or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes," and ⬆️ risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
56
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
57
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand's disease
58
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
59
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis
60
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
61
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
62
Virchow's triad
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis (results in venous thrombosis)
63
Hypertension, secondary
Renal disease
64
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
65
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
66
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
67
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)
68
Kidney stones
- Calcium = radiopaque
- Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
- Uric acid = radiolucent
69
Late cyanotic shunt
Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia) [uncorrected left to right shunt becomes right to left]
70
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
71
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher's disease
72
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
73
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin's lymphoma
74
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
75
Mental retardation
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
76
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes
77
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > genitourinary > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI
79
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach, pancreas
80
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
81
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
82
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
83
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
84
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
85
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
86
Neuron migration failure
Kallman syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
87
Nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
88
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
89
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
90
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia
91
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus
92
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
93
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
94
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
95
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma)
96
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
97
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
98
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
99
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child
CLL: adult >60
AML: adult ~65
CML: adult 30-60
100
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
101
Philadelphia chromosome
t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
| CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
102
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma
103
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO)
104
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
105
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
106
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
107
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency)
108
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
109
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
110
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
111
Cor pulmonale
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
112
S3 heart sound
Protodiastolic gallop; ⬆️ ventricular filling (left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
113
S4 heart sound
Presystolic gallop; stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
114
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
115
Sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea
116
SIADH
Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion; small cell carcinoma of the lung
117
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
118
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
119
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
120
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
121
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
122
t(8;14)
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
123
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
124
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
125
Testicular tumor
Seminoma
126
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
127
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
128
Tumor of infancy
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
129
Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheocromocytoma (usually benign)
130
Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
131
Type of Hodgkin's
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
132
Type of non-Hodgkin's
Diffuse large cell
133
UTI
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
134
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
135
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
Folate (pregnant women are at a high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
