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FA Rapid Review > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

actinic (solar) keratosis

A

precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer (increased cranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)

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3
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

alternating areas of trans-mural inflammation and normal colon

A

skip lesions (in Crohn’s disease)

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5
Q

aortic aneurysm, abdominal

A

atherosclerosis

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6
Q

aortic aneurysm, ascending aortic arch

A

tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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7
Q

aortic aneurysm, thoracic

A

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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8
Q

atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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9
Q

autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)

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10
Q

aortic dissection

A

hypertension

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11
Q

bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

S. pneumoniae

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13
Q

bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

newborns: group B streptocossus/E.coli

Kids/teens: S. pneumoniae/N. meningitidis

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14
Q

bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)

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15
Q

bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

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16
Q

brain tumor (adults)

A

supratentorial: metastasis, astocytoma (glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma

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17
Q

brain tumor (kids)

A

infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

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18
Q

breast cancer

A

invasive ductal carcinoma

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19
Q

breast mass

A

fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in post-menopausal women)

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20
Q

breast tumor (benign)

A

fibroadenoma

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21
Q

cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

marantic/thrombatic endocarditis (non-bacterial)

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23
Q

cardiac tumor (adults)

A

metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball and valve”)

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24
Q

cerebellar tonsilar herniation

A

chiari II malformation

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25
Q

chronic arrhythmia

A

atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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26
Q

chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicuous anemia)

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27
Q

clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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28
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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29
Q

congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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30
Q

congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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31
Q

constrictive pericarditis

A

developing world: TB

developed world: idiopathic, viral illness

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32
Q

coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD>RCA>circumflex

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33
Q

cretinism

A

iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism

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34
Q

cushing syndrome

A

Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTC-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease)
Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)

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35
Q

cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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36
Q

cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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37
Q

Death in CML

A

blast crisis

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38
Q

death in SLE

A

lupus nephritis

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39
Q

dementia

A

Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)

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40
Q

demyelinating disease in young women

A

multiple sclerosis

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41
Q

DIC

A

severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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42
Q

dietary deficit

A

iron

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43
Q

diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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44
Q

ejection click

A

aortic stenosis

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45
Q

esophageal cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)

adenocarcinoma (U.S.)

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46
Q

food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S.aureus, B.cereus

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47
Q

glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger diseases (IgA nephropathy)

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48
Q

gynecologic malignancy

A 
endometrial carcinoma (U.S.)
cervical carcinoma (worldwide)
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49
Q

heart murmur, congenital

A

mitral valve prolapse

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50
Q

heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

mitral>aortic (rheumatic fever)

tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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51
Q

helminth infection (U.S.)

A

Enterobius vermicularis

Ascaris lumbricoides

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52
Q

hematoma-epidural

A

rupture of middle meningeal arteries
from trauma
lentiform-shaped

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53
Q

hematoma-subdural

A

rupture of bridging veins (crescent-shaped)

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54
Q

hemochromatosis

A

multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation

can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes”, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

55
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

cirrhotic liver

associated with Hep B, hep C, and alcoholism

56
Q

hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disease

57
Q

hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinema)

58
Q

HLA-B27

A

psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease, reactive arthritis

59
Q

HLA-DR3

A

DM1, SLE, Grave’s disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis

60
Q

HLA-DR4

A

DM1, RA

61
Q

holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

62
Q

hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow triad (increase risk of thrombosis)

63
Q

secondary hypertension

A

renal disease

64
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

accidental excision during thyroidectomy

65
Q

hypopituitarism

A

pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

66
Q

infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

hepatitis C

67
Q

infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase +)

68
Q

intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome (Rett syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome)

69
Q

kidney stones

A

calcium = radiopaque
struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by the urease+ organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species, and S. saprophyticus)
uric acid = radioluscent

70
Q

late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

71
Q

Liver disease

A

alcoholic cirrhosis

72
Q

lysosomal storage disease

A

gaucher disease

73
Q

male cancer

A

prostatic carcinoma

74
Q

malignancy associated with non-infectious fever

A

hodgkin lymphoma

75
Q

malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

76
Q

metastases to liver

A

colon»stomach, pancreas

77
Q

metastases to bone

A

prostate, breast>lung>thyroid

78
Q

metastases to brain

A

lung>breast>genitourinary>melanoma>GI

79
Q

mitochondria inheritance

A

disease occurs in both males and females, inherited though females only

80
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

rheumatic heart disease

81
Q

mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

ALS

82
Q

myocarditis

A

Coxsackied B virus

83
Q

nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

84
Q

nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

minimal change disease

85
Q

neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

86
Q

nosocomial pneumonia

A

S. aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric-gram negative rods

87
Q

obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

88
Q

opening snap

A

mitral stenosis

89
Q

opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

90
Q

osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus (most common overall)

91
Q

osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

92
Q

osteomyelitis in IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, Candida, S. aureus

93
Q

ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

serous cystadenoma

94
Q

ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

serous cystadenocarcinoma

95
Q

pancreatitis (acute)

A

gallstones, alcohol

96
Q

pancreatitis (chronic)

A

alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

97
Q

patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: child
CLL: adult>60 y.o.
AML: adult ~65 y.o.
CML: adult 45-85 y.o.

98
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae

99
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (BCR-ABL)

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML

100
Q

pituitary tumor

A

prolactinoma, somatotrophic adenoma

101
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45 XO)

102
Q

UTI

A

E.coli

S. saprophyticus (young women)

103
Q

vertebral compression fracture

A

osteoporosis
type I: post-menopausal woman
type II: elderly man or woman

104
Q

viral encephalitis affecting the temporal bone

A

HSV-1

105
Q

vitamin deficiency (U.S.)

A

folate
body stores only 3-4 months supply of folate
pregnant women are at high risk
give to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects

106
Q

primary bone tumor (adults)

A

multiple myeloma

107
Q

primary hyperaldosteronism

A

adenoma of the adrenal cortex

108
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

109
Q

primary liver cancer

A

hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, wilson disease)

110
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

111
Q

recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in the extremities

A

Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

112
Q

renal tumor

A

renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplasic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)

113
Q

right heart failure due to pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

114
Q

S3 heart sound

A

increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g. mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles

115
Q

S4 heart sound

A

stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

116
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

117
Q

sexually transmitted disease

A

C. trachomatis (usually co-infection with N. gonorrhoeae)

118
Q

SIADH

A

small cell carcinoma of the lung

119
Q

site of diverticula

A

sigmoid colon

120
Q

sites of atherosclerosis

A

abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery

121
Q

stomach cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

122
Q

stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

123
Q

t(14;18)

A

follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)

124
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)

125
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)

126
Q

temporal arteritis

A

risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica)

127
Q

testicular tumor

A

seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)

128
Q

thyroid cancer

A

papillary carcinoma

129
Q

tumor in women

A

leiomyoma (estrogen-dependent, not precancerous)

130
Q

tumor of infancy

A

strawberry hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

131
Q

tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

132
Q

tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

neuroblastoma (malignant)

133
Q

type of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

nodular sclerosing (vs. mixed cellularity vs. lymphocytic predominance vs. lymphocytic depletion)

134
Q

type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

diffuse, large B-cell lymphoma

FA Rapid Review (4 decks)

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