Key Associations Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
actinic (solar) keratosis
A
precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing ulcer (increased cranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
3
Q
acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
alternating areas of trans-mural inflammation and normal colon
A
skip lesions (in Crohn’s disease)
5
Q
aortic aneurysm, abdominal
A
atherosclerosis
6
Q
aortic aneurysm, ascending aortic arch
A
tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
7
Q
aortic aneurysm, thoracic
A
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
8
Q
atrophy of the mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
9
Q
autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
10
Q
aortic dissection
A
hypertension
11
Q
bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
A
H. pylori
12
Q
bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
S. pneumoniae
13
Q
bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
newborns: group B streptocossus/E.coli
Kids/teens: S. pneumoniae/N. meningitidis
14
Q
bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
A
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
15
Q
bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
16
Q
brain tumor (adults)
A
supratentorial: metastasis, astocytoma (glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
17
Q
brain tumor (kids)
A
infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
18
Q
breast cancer
A
invasive ductal carcinoma
19
Q
breast mass
A
fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in post-menopausal women)
20
Q
breast tumor (benign)
A
fibroadenoma
21
Q
cardiac primary tumor (kids)
A
rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
22
Q
cardiac manifestation of lupus
A
marantic/thrombatic endocarditis (non-bacterial)
23
Q
cardiac tumor (adults)
A
metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball and valve”)
24
Q
cerebellar tonsilar herniation
A
chiari II malformation
25
chronic arrhythmia
atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
26
chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicuous anemia)
27
clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
28
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
29
congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
30
congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
31
constrictive pericarditis
developing world: TB
| developed world: idiopathic, viral illness
32
coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD>RCA>circumflex
33
cretinism
iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism
34
cushing syndrome
Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTC-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease)
Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
35
cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
36
cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
37
Death in CML
blast crisis
38
death in SLE
lupus nephritis
39
dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
40
demyelinating disease in young women
multiple sclerosis
41
DIC
severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
42
dietary deficit
iron
43
diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
44
ejection click
aortic stenosis
45
esophageal cancer
squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)
| adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
46
food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S.aureus, B.cereus
47
glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger diseases (IgA nephropathy)
48
gynecologic malignancy
```
endometrial carcinoma (U.S.)
cervical carcinoma (worldwide)
```
49
heart murmur, congenital
mitral valve prolapse
50
heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
mitral>aortic (rheumatic fever)
| tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
51
helminth infection (U.S.)
Enterobius vermicularis
| Ascaris lumbricoides
52
hematoma-epidural
rupture of middle meningeal arteries
from trauma
lentiform-shaped
53
hematoma-subdural
rupture of bridging veins (crescent-shaped)
54
hemochromatosis
multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation
| can result in heart failure, "bronze diabetes", and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
55
hepatocellular carcinoma
cirrhotic liver
| associated with Hep B, hep C, and alcoholism
56
hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
57
hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinema)
58
HLA-B27
psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease, reactive arthritis
59
HLA-DR3
DM1, SLE, Grave's disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis
60
HLA-DR4
DM1, RA
61
holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
62
hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (increase risk of thrombosis)
63
secondary hypertension
renal disease
64
hypoparathyroidism
accidental excision during thyroidectomy
65
hypopituitarism
pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
66
infection secondary to blood transfusion
hepatitis C
67
infections in chronic granulomatous disease
S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase +)
68
intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome (Rett syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome)
69
kidney stones
calcium = radiopaque
struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by the urease+ organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species, and S. saprophyticus)
uric acid = radioluscent
70
late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
71
Liver disease
alcoholic cirrhosis
72
lysosomal storage disease
gaucher disease
73
male cancer
prostatic carcinoma
74
malignancy associated with non-infectious fever
hodgkin lymphoma
75
malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
76
metastases to liver
colon>>stomach, pancreas
77
metastases to bone
prostate, breast>lung>thyroid
78
metastases to brain
lung>breast>genitourinary>melanoma>GI
79
mitochondria inheritance
disease occurs in both males and females, inherited though females only
80
mitral valve stenosis
rheumatic heart disease
81
mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS
82
myocarditis
Coxsackied B virus
83
nephrotic syndrome (adults)
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
84
nephrotic syndrome (kids)
minimal change disease
85
neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
86
nosocomial pneumonia
S. aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric-gram negative rods
87
obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
88
opening snap
mitral stenosis
89
opportunistic infection in AIDS
pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
90
osteomyelitis
S. aureus (most common overall)
91
osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
92
osteomyelitis in IV drug use
Pseudomonas, Candida, S. aureus
93
ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
serous cystadenoma
94
ovarian tumor (malignant)
serous cystadenocarcinoma
95
pancreatitis (acute)
gallstones, alcohol
96
pancreatitis (chronic)
alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
97
patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child
CLL: adult>60 y.o.
AML: adult ~65 y.o.
CML: adult 45-85 y.o.
98
pelvic inflammatory disease
C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae
99
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (BCR-ABL)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML
100
pituitary tumor
prolactinoma, somatotrophic adenoma
101
primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45 XO)
102
UTI
E.coli
| S. saprophyticus (young women)
103
vertebral compression fracture
osteoporosis
type I: post-menopausal woman
type II: elderly man or woman
104
viral encephalitis affecting the temporal bone
HSV-1
105
vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
folate
body stores only 3-4 months supply of folate
pregnant women are at high risk
give to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects
106
primary bone tumor (adults)
multiple myeloma
107
primary hyperaldosteronism
adenoma of the adrenal cortex
108
primary hyperparathyroidism
adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
109
primary liver cancer
hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, wilson disease)
110
pulmonary hypertension
COPD
111
recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in the extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
112
renal tumor
renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplasic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
113
right heart failure due to pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
114
S3 heart sound
increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g. mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles
115
S4 heart sound
stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
116
secondary hyperparathyroidism
hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
117
sexually transmitted disease
C. trachomatis (usually co-infection with N. gonorrhoeae)
118
SIADH
small cell carcinoma of the lung
119
site of diverticula
sigmoid colon
120
sites of atherosclerosis
abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery
121
stomach cancer
adenocarcinoma
122
stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
123
t(14;18)
follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
124
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
125
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)
126
temporal arteritis
risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica)
127
testicular tumor
seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)
128
thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma
129
tumor in women
leiomyoma (estrogen-dependent, not precancerous)
130
tumor of infancy
strawberry hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
131
tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
132
tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
neuroblastoma (malignant)
133
type of Hodgkin lymphoma
nodular sclerosing (vs. mixed cellularity vs. lymphocytic predominance vs. lymphocytic depletion)
134
type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
diffuse, large B-cell lymphoma
