Key Associations Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing ulcer (↑ intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
5
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal
A
Atherosclerosis
6
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch
A
3° syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
7
Q
Aortic aneurysm, thoracic
A
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degernation)
8
Q
Aortic dissection
A
Hypertension
9
Q
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
10
Q
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
11
Q
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
A
H. pylori (italicized)
12
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
S. pneumoniae (italicized)
13
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
Group B streptococcus/E. coli (newborns), S. pneumoniae/N. meningitidis (kids/teens)
14
Q
Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
A
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
15
Q
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
16
Q
Brain tumor (adults)
A
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
17
Q
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
18
Q
Breast cancer
A
Invasive ductal carcinoma
19
Q
Breast mass
A
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
20
Q
Breast tumor (benign)
A
Fibroadenoma
21
Q
Cardiac 1° tumor (kids)
A
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
22
Q
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
A
Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)
23
Q
Cardiac tumor (adults)
A
Metastasis, myzoma (90% in left atrium; “ball and valve”)
24
Q
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
A
Chiari II malformation
25
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
26
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
27
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
28
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
29
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
30
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
31
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
32
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > circumflex
33
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism
34
Cushing syndrome
- Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
- Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
- ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease)
- Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
35
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
36
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
37
Death in CML
Blast crisis
38
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
39
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
40
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
41
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
42
Dietary deficit
Iron
43
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zender diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
44
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
45
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
46
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus (all italicized)
47
Glomerulonephritisd (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
48
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
49
Heart murmur, congential
Mitral valve prolapse
50
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
51
Helminth infection (U.S.)
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
52
Hematoma-epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
53
Hematoma-subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
54
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE (italicized) mutation (can result in heart failure, "bronze diabetes," and ↑ risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
55
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
56
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
57
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
58
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis
59
HLA-DR3
Diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis
60
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
61
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (↑ risk of thrombosis)
62
Hypertension, 2°
Renal disease
63
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
64
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
65
Infection 2° to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
66
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase ⊕) - (all italicized)
67
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
68
Kidney stones
- Calcium = radiopaque
- Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease ⊕ organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus (both italicized) species, and S. sprophyticus (italicized))
- Uric acid = radiolucent
69
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (cause by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
70
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
71
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
72
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
73
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
74
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
75
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid
76
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI
77
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach, pancreas
78
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
79
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
80
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral disease
81
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
82
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
83
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
84
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
85
Nosocomial pneumonia
S. aureaus, Pseudomonas (all italicized), other enteric gram-negative rods
86
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
87
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
88
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii (all intalized) pneumonia
89
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus (italicized) [most common overall]
90
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella (italicized)
91
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, Candida, S. aureus (all italicized)
92
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
93
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
94
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
95
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
96
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult ~ 65, CML: adult 45-85
97
Pelvic inflammatory disease
C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae (all italicized)
98
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (BCR-ABL)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
99
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
100
1° amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45, XO)
101
1° bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
102
1° hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
103
1° hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
104
1° liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)
105
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
106
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
107
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
108
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
109
S3 heart sound
↑ ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgitation, HR), common in dilated ventricles
110
S4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
111
2° hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
112
Sexually transmitted disease
C. trachomatis (usually coinfected with N. gonorrhoeae) [both are italicized]
113
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
114
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
115
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
116
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
117
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma od duodenum or pancrease)
118
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 (italicized) activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
119
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc (italicized) fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
120
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL (italicized) activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)
121
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
122
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)
123
Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
124
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
125
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
126
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosing (vs. mized cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
127
Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
128
UTI
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
129
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporsis (type I: postmenopausal woman type II: elderly man or woman)
130
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
131
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
