Key associations Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Mitochondrial inheritance
A
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited
through females only
2
Q
Intellectual disability
A
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
3
Q
Vitamin deficiency (USA)
A
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
4
Q
Lysosomal storage disease
A
Gaucher disease
5
Q
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
A
S aureus, B cereus
6
Q
Osteomyelitis
A
S aureus (most common overall)
7
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
S pneumoniae
8
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
Group B streptococcus/E coli/Listeria monocytogenes
newborns), S pneumoniae/N meningitidis (kids/teens
9
Q
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (eg, adenocarcinoma, MALToma)
A
H pylori
10
Q
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
A
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
11
Q
Helminth infection (US)
A
Ascaris lumbricoides
12
Q
Myocarditis
A
Coxsackie B
13
Q
Infection 2° to blood transfusion
A
Hepatitis C
14
Q
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
A
Salmonella
15
Q
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
A
Pseudomonas, Candida, S aureus
16
Q
UTI
A
E coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
17
Q
Sexually transmitted disease
A
C trachomatis (usually coinfected with N gonorrhoeae)
18
Q
Nosocomial pneumonia
A
S aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram ⊝ rods
19
Q
Pelvic inflammatory disease
A
C trachomatis, N gonorrhoeae
20
Q
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
A
S aureus, E coli, Aspergillus (catalase ⊕)
21
Q
Metastases to bone
A
Prostate, breast > lung, thyroid, kidney
22
Q
Metastases to brain
A
Lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI
23
Q
Metastases to liver
A
Colon»_space; stomach > pancreas
24
Q
S3 heart sound
A
increased ventricular filling pressure (eg, mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles
25
S4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive
| cardiomyopathy)
26
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
27
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
28
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
29
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
30
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
31
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
32
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
33
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return
34
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes
| right to left)
```
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA;
results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
```
35
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
36
Hypertension, 2°
Renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease (eg,
polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy),
hyperaldosteronism
37
Aortic aneurysm, thoracic
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
38
Aortic dissection
Hypertension
39
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal
Atherosclerosis, smoking is major risk factor
40
Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch
3° syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
41
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery
| > carotid artery
42
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)
43
Heart valve affected in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug
| abuse)
44
Endocarditis presentation associated with bacterium
```
S aureus (acute, IVDA, tricuspid valve), viridans
stretococci (subacute, dental procedure), S bovis (colon cancer), culture negative (Coxiella, Bartonella, HACEK)
```
45
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of
| ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
46
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium
| vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
47
Cardiac 1° tumor (kids)
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
48
Cardiac tumor (adults)
Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball valve”)
49
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
50
Cushing syndrome
- Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
- Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
- ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease)
- Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
51
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
52
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
53
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism
54
HLA-DR3
Diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis (also associated with HLA-DR5), Addison disease
55
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)
56
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
57
1° hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
58
2° hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
59
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
60
HLA-DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison
| disease
61
Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or
| pancreas), associated with MEN1
62
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma
| US
63
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
64
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
65
Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
66
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause
| pernicious anemia)
67
Gastric cancer
Adenocarcinoma
68
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
69
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
70
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
71
Hepatocellular carcinoma
```
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C,
alcoholism, and hemochromatosis)
```
72
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
73
1° liver cancer
```
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis,
hemochromatosis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson
disease)
```
74
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to
| secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
75
Hereditary harmless jaundice
```
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated
hyperbilirubinemia)
```
76
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation
| can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes,” and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
77
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
78
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
79
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
80
Microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency
81
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
82
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
83
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns,
| trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL
84
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
85
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
```
Nodular sclerosing (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic
predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
```
86
t(14;18)
t(14;18) Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
87
t(8;14)
t(8;14) Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
88
Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
89
1° bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
90
Age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child,
CLL: adult > 60
AML: adult ∼ 65
CML: adult 45–85
91
Malignancy (kids)
Leukemia, brain tumors
92
Death in CML
Blast crisis
93
t(9;22)
t(9;22) Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL oncogene, tyrosine kinase activation), more rarely associated with ALL
94
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II:
| elderly man or woman)
95
HLA-B27
Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated
| arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)
96
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
97
Tumor of infancy
```
Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses
spontaneously by childhood)
```
98
Actinic (solar) keratosis
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
99
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari I malformation
100
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
```
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing
ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
```
101
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
102
Hematoma—epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform
| shaped)
103
Hematoma—subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
104
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
105
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
106
Brain tumor (adults)
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including
| glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
107
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
108
Brain tumor (kids)
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or
supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
109
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
110
1° hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma
111
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Membranous nephropathy
112
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
113
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
114
Kidney stones
- Calcium = radiopaque
- Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease ⊕ organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species, and S saprophyticus)
- Uric acid = radiolucent
- Cystine = faintly radiopaque
115
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
116
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau
and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO,
renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
117
1° amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO or 45,XO/46,XX mosaic)
118
Neuron migration failure
```
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
and anosmia)
```
119
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
120
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
121
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
122
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
123
Gynecologic malignancy
```
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical
carcinoma (most common worldwide)
```
124
Breast mass
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal
| women)
125
Breast tumor (benign, young woman)
Fibroadenoma
126
Breast cancer
Invasive ductal carcinoma
127
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive), increased placental ALP
128
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
129
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)
130
Pulmonary hypertension
Idiopathic, heritable, left heart disease (eg, HF), lung
disease (eg, COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (eg,
OSA), thromboembolic (eg, PE)
131
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
