Key associations Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Mitochondrial inheritance
A
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
2
Q
Intellectual disability
A
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
3
Q
Vitamin deficiency (USA)
A
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3 to 4 month sypply; prevents neural tube defects)
4
Q
Lysosomal storage disease
A
Gaucher disease
5
Q
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
A
S aurues, B cereus
6
Q
Osteomyelitis
A
S aureus (most common overall)
7
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
S penumoniae
8
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
Group B streptococcus/ E coli/ listeria monocytogenes (newborns), S penumoniae/Nmeningitidis (kids/teens)
9
Q
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (eg, adenocarcinoma, MALToma)
A
H pylori
10
Q
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
A
pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
11
Q
Helminth infection (US)
A
Ascaris lumbricoides
12
Q
Myocarditis
A
Coxsackie B
13
Q
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
A
Hepatitis C
14
Q
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell diseas
A
Salmonella
15
Q
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
A
Pseudomonas, Candida, S aureus
16
Q
UTI
A
E coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
17
Q
STD
A
C. trachomatis (usually coinfected with N gonorrhea)
18
Q
Nosocomial pneumonia
A
S aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram - rods
19
Q
Pelvic inflammatory disease
A
C trachomatis, N gonorrhea
20
Q
Infections in CGD
A
S aurues, E coli, Aspergillus (catalase +)
21
Q
Metastases to bone
A
Prostate, breast>lung, thyroid, kidney
22
Q
Metastases to liver
A
Colon»_space;stomach> pancreas
23
Q
S3 heart sound
A
Increased ventricular filling pressure (eg, mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles
24
Q
S4 heart sound
A
Stiff/ hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy
25
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
26
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitatioin, mitral regurgitation
27
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
28
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
29
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
30
Heart murmur, congenital
mitral valve prolapse
31
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
32
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return
33
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/ polycythemia)
34
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
35
Hypertetion secondary
Renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease (eg, polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy), hyperaldosteronism
36
Aortic aneurysm, thoracic
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystis medial degeneration)
37
Arotic dissection
Hypertension
38
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal
Atherosclerosis, smoking is major risk factor
39
aortic aneurysm, ascending arch
tertiary syphilis (syphilitc aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
40
sites of atherosclerosis
abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
41
cardiac manifestation of lupus
marantic/ thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)
42
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
43
Endocarditis presentation associated with bacterium
S aureus (acute, IVDA, tricuspid valve), viridans streptococci (subacute, dental procedure), S bovis (colon cancer), culture negative (Coxiella, Bartonella, HACEK)
44
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blidness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
45
Recurrent inflammation/ thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
46
Cardiac primary tumor (kids)
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
47
Cardiac tumor (adults)
Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; "ball valve")
48
CAH, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficency
49
Cushing syndrom
- Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
- Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
- ACTH- secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease)
- Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
50
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
51
Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
52
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism
53
HLA DR3
DM type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis (also associated with HLA DR 5), Addison disease
54
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)
55
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
56
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
57
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
58
HLA DR4
DM type 1, RA, Addison diseas
59
Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels
Zollinger Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas), associated with MEN1
60
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide), adenocarcinoma (US)
61
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H secretion)
62
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
63
bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
64
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
65
Gastric cancer
Adenocarcinoma
66
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
67
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
68
site of diverticula
sigmoid colon
69
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C, alcoholism, and hemochromatosis)
70
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
71
Primary liver disease
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)
72
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
73
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
74
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, "bronze diabetes", and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
75
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
76
Pancreatitis (chronic)
alcohol (adults), CF (kids)
77
Autospenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Sickle cell disease (hgb S)
78
Microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency
79
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
80
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
81
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL
82
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
83
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosing (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
84
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
85
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
86
Type of non Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
87
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
88
Age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL:child, CLL: adult>60, AML: adult-65, CML: adult 45-85
89
Malignancy (kids)
Leukemia, brain tumors
90
Death in CML
Blast crisis
91
t (9;22)
Philadephia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL oncogene, tyrosine kinase activation), more rarely associated with ALL
92
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type 1: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
93
HLA- B27
Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)
94
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
95
Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)
96
Actinic (solar) keratosis
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
97
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari I malformation
98
Atrophy of the mamillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
99
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
100
Hematoma- epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
101
hematoma- subdural
rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
102
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
103
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
104
Brain tumor (adults)
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
105
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
106
Brain tumor (kids)
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
107
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
108
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma
109
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Membranous nephropathy
110
Nephrotic syndrom (kids)
minimal change disease
111
glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
112
Kidney stones
- Calium = radiopaque
- Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease + organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species, and S saprophyticus)
- Uric acid = radiolucent
- Cystine = faintly radiopaque
113
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
114
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel- Linday and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
115
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45 XO or 45 XO/ 46 XX mosaic)
116
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotopic hypogonadism and anosmia)
117
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
118
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
119
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
120
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
121
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
122
Breast mass
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
123
Breast tumor (benign, young woman)
Fibroadenoma
124
Breast cancer
Invasive ductal carcinoma
125
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive), increase placental ALP
126
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
127
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (Increased risk of thrombosis)
128
Pulmonary hypertension
Idiopathic, heritable, left heart disease (eg, HF), lung disease (eg COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (eg, OSA), thromboembolic (eg, PE)
129
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
