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PSYC111 > key concepts to know for exam > Flashcards

key concepts to know for exam Flashcards

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1
Q

dopamine

A

neurotransmitter and hormone that plays a crucial role in the brain’s reward system, motivation, and mood regulation
associated with parkinsons and schizophrenia

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2
Q

seratonin

A

neurotransmitter in the brain that regulates mood, anxiety, and other psychological processes

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3
Q

tetrodotoxin (TTX)

A

an antagonist that blocks ion channels that generate action potentials

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4
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter that plays key role in memory, learning, attention and muscle movement. Imbalance linked to Alzheimers

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5
Q

antagonist

A

substance that reduces/blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter

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6
Q

agonist

A

substance that binds to a synaptic receptor and increases the effect of a neurotransmitter

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7
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory processing hub, responsible for integrating sensory information and visual information related to navigation or spatial orientation

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8
Q

damage to parietal lobe

A

impairments in; integrating sensory information, the control of movements, guiding movements to points in space, processing spatial information

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9
Q

occipital lobe

A

lobe related to visual function

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10
Q

damage to occipital lobe

A

difficulty with object and colour recognition, visual illusions, reading / writing issues, bad spatial awareness

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11
Q

blindsight

A

ability to locate an object but not visually see it - caused by damage to V1

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12
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

lost ability to recall memories from the past, specifically before onset of amnesia - fernando alonso F1 driver and Patient H.M. suffered

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13
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories after brain injury, man in auckland park and Patient H.M. suffered

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14
Q

consolidation

A

stabilising new memories to last longer, occurs during sleep

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15
Q

ventral stream

A

WHAT pathway - pattern perception, object recognition, and form processing. Originates in primary visual cortex and extends along the ventral surface and into the temporal lobe

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16
Q

dorsal stream

A

WHERE pathway - spatial location, motion, and guiding actions. Starts in primary visual cortex, travels to parietal lobe, and connects to motor cortex

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17
Q

hemianopia

A

visual defect where one half of the visual field is lost

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18
Q

homonymous hemianopia

A

visual loss in the same halves of visual field of each eye
results from damage to the fibres leading from the LGN to the V1

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19
Q

George Miller

A

researched the capacity limits with immediate processing in memory. Asked people to remember lists of numbers, and figured out the magic number remembered was 7 +- 2

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20
Q

wernicke

A

severe language problem in patient - output normal but comprehension impaired
removed brain and noticed a lesion on the left temporal lobe

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21
Q

mishkin and undergleider

A

found that the temporal lobe is needed for object discrimination and parietal lobe is needed for landmark discrimination - double dissociation

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22
Q

patient D.B

A

he had blindsight and left homonymous hemianopia resulting from right lobe damage
presented with an object - couldn’t see the object but he could point to / sense it

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23
Q

paul broca

A

patient had language problem and could onyl say the word ‘tan’
removed brain and noticed a large lesion in the left frontal area

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24
Q

Peterson & Peterson

A

testing the duration of STM - around 20 seconds

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25
bransford and johnson
prior knowledge and contextual cues improve comprehension and recall of new information
26
butters and albert research
their research highlighted the distinction between semantic and episodic memory and how different types of memory systems are affected in amnesic patients
27
godden and baddeley
the influence of environmental context on learning and retrieval of information context is encoded as part of a memory trace
28
stein and bransford
base and elaboration had the most effective recall compared to other conditions
29
patient K.F
motor accident resulted in the removal of a left parietal subdural hematoma, affecting his LTM
30
habituation
refers to the decrease in a response to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented
31
chunking
grouping individual items into larger, more familiar units of meaning to overcome the limited capacity of working memory
32
conditioning
a learning process where behaviours become associated with specific stimuli
33
elaborative rehearsal
providing more context on information to enhance encoding into LTM, contrasting with maintenance retrieval
34
maintenance rehearsal
actively keeping information in working memory
35
long term memory
LTM has a retention for decades and a massive capacity. It is more semantic, focusing on the meaning of the word
36
craik & watkins (1973)
explored the role of rehearsal in STM
37
priming
the phenomenon where prior exposure to a stimulus influences a person's response to a subsequent stimulus, often unconsciously
38
short term memory
lasts for around 15-20 seconds and has limited capacity. it involves the phonetic features of the word, shape, and sound
39
implicit memory
unconscious and affects behaviour without awareness
40
explicit memory
involves conscious recollection of facts and events
41
phonetic encoding
shallow level of encoding the process of encoding information into memory based on its sounds
42
semantic encoding
encoding information into memory based on meaning
43
temporal lobe
primarily processing auditory information and encoding memory, and also emotions, language
44
frontal lobe
function for planning and decision-making, voluntary movement, language
45
method of loci
a mnemonic device that enhances memory by associating information with specific locations in a familiar environment
46
primary and recency effect
the first few items are stored in LTM (primary), and the last few items are stored in STM (recency), making middle items hardest to recall
47
axons
transmits information to other neurons, muscles, or glands
48
retroactive interference
newly learned information interferes with the retrieval of previously learned information
49
proactive interference
previously learned material hindering new learning
50
Patient H.M.
anterograde amnesia, intact semantic memory, temporally graded retrograde (further back in memory the better understood), medial temporal lobe damage
51
when is insight gained during sleep
the wake-sleep transition of sleep stage 1
52
rods
120 million, more sensitive to light than cones, maximally stimulated by changes in illumination, everywhere but fovea - side of retina, black and white, dim
53
cones
6 million, less sensitive to light, more colour, mostly situated at the fovea
54
V1
retinotopically mapped, primary visual cortex, information flows from eyes to LGN to V1
55
LGN
responds to spots of light
56
opponent-process theory
colour vision explains why saturating vision with a red image results in an aftermath of a green image tired red LGN results in excited green LGN
57
correct order of signals entering the ear
tympanic membrane > ossicles > oval window > basilar membrane > hair cells
58
contralateral neglect
draw right side of object, has both ego-based (left side of vision of drawing being left out) and object-based (see two people in VF, draw right side of both) component
59
instrumental conditioning (operant conditioning)
voluntary behaviours are modified by their consequences, specifically through reinforcement or punishment
60
unconditioned stimulus
stimulus that triggers a response without any previous conditioning
61
stimulus generalisation
person responds similarly to different stimuli after being conditioned to respond to a specific stimulus - e.g. toddler hugs grandma and now wants to hug every older lady or reaching for gearstick in auto when used to drive manual
62
stimulus discrimination
respond differently to specific stimuli, learning to distinguish between different stimuli and only have a response to a specific one - e.g. vanilla pudding made you better when sick, smell of vanilla now makes you feel good but orange and cinnamon smells don't
63
second-order conditioning
learning a response to a new stimulus after that stimulus has been associated with a previously conditioned stimulus - e.g. stimulus acquires power of reinforcement after being paired with CR dog salivating to a flash of light when they used to salivate to a bell followed by a flashing light
64
sensory preconditioning
associating two initially neutral stimuli - A and B - and subsequently pairing A with an unconditioned stimulus -
65
avoidance conditioning
A procedure in which behaviour postpones or prevents the delivery of an otherwise forthcoming negative reinforcer and is therefore strengthened. e.g. skipping your couple song after a breakup, but the longer you don't hear it the worse it will be when you listen to it
66
stimulus control
behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of a particular stimulus than in its absence. e.g. proper table manners when eating with family but no table manners when eating alone
67
Wagner et al
insight was inferred when participants solved the task by discovering the hidden pattern
68
is imprinting a form of classical conditioning?
No, because imprinting does not have the required features of classical conditioning
69
top-down processing
see a letter faster if it occurs in the context of a word, than if it occurs by itself
70
most important thing animals learn in CC
the contingency between the CS and the US
71
sarah temper tantrum and mum
sarahs behaviour is being controlled by positive reinforcement (getting candy bar when complaining) and mum's behaviour is controlled by negative reinforcement (giving in)
72
positive punishment
adding a negative stimulus to the situation e.g. spanking a child for running onto the street
73
top down processing
Hypothesis testing Relies on knowledge and experience Speed of recognition and speed of reading are so fast it seems unlikely that we are engaging bottom-up processing mechanisms Also, we are faster to recognize an object against a background that one by itself despite the fact that in the former there is more information to process. e.g. can see a letter faster if it occurs in the context of a word than by itself
74
bottom up processing
It is the way the visual system is constructed, starting with analysing low level features (eg, dots, lines) and then building on that until a complex image emerges (eg, face).

PSYC111 (2 decks)

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