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Key events Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

EIC establishes opium monopoly

A

1797

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2
Q

complete ban on opium

A

1799

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3
Q

1800 opium chests exports reach…

A

4500

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4
Q

Lin crackdown was in…and involved…

A

1839
Lin threatens foreign smugglers
Lin destroys 1.2kg opium

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5
Q

Hong Kong Incident

A

1839
british sailors drunkingly kill chinese man
british refuse to trial them in china

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6
Q

first opium war

A

1840-2

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7
Q

Treaty of Chuanbi

A

1841

=cede Hong kong + $6mn indemnities

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8
Q

Treaty of Nanjing

A

1842

$21mn indemnities, Hong kong, open Shanghai/3 others, B can buy property, B extraterritoriality

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9
Q

Taiping Rebellion

A

1850-64
Hong led= self proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ
20-30mn dead= most ever in a Chinese Civil War
shared property= attracted many poor peasants to join
want overthrow Qing+impose Christianity
equality between men and women
created Heavenly Kingdom 1853 (formerly Nanjing) to counter Qing gov + expanded to control approx 30mn
failure to capture Beijing+failed attempted coup+internal conflict= failure
British helped to quash it

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10
Q

Nian Rebellion

A

1853-68
formed as gov =preoccupied by Taiping rebellion + due to 1850s flooding
plundering + raids= vast economic devastation
sporadic clusters of Taiping supporters post their defeat joined them and engaged in guerrilla warfare
once Taiping defeated= gov focused on them =blockade strategy= defeat them

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11
Q

Nian Rebellion

A

1853-68
formed as gov =preoccupied by Taiping rebellion + due to 1850s flooding
plundering + raids= vast economic devastation
sporadic clusters of Taiping supporters post their defeat joined them and engaged in guerrilla warfare
once Taiping defeated= gov focused on them =blockade strategy= defeat them

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12
Q

Second Opium War

A

1856-60

B, Russia, France, USA

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13
Q

SW Panthay Railway Rebellion

A 
1857
Muslim Huis 
due to discrimination vs them 
pre-existing Han Hui tensions coming to head 
mainly anit-Qing not pro religion 
crushed
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14
Q

Treaty of Tianjin

A

1960
11 more ports opeend up
$10mn indemnities to B/F
$5mn to B merchants
foreigners can travel within China with no restrictions
coalition countries allowed to set up embassies in Beijing

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15
Q

Tianjin Massacre

A

1870

Christian missionaries + converts attacked

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16
Q

Convention of Peking

A

1960

agreement comprising three separate peace treaties with B, F, R

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17
Q

self strengthening movement

A

1861
Western model/influence
waterways/canals connected to sea
military soldiers sent to Japan fro training
shipyards/industries established
textile industry developed
Imperial Bank of China established+linked to HSBC
some schools adopt Western model
BUT=limited success as =not real modernisation as not adopt western ideals+these reforms not match up/mix well with/integrate well with with Confucian ideals

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18
Q

Hongzhang special delegate

A

late Qing

formally apologised to french gov for inc attacks on missionaries

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19
Q

Tianjin Convention

A

1885
Japan + Qing
Both nations would pull their expeditionary forces out of Korea within four months.
Neither nation would send troops to Korea without prior notification to the other

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20
Q

Triple Intervention

A

Germany, F, R
diplomatic intervention over harsh terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki
goal to keep Japanese expansion out of China
actually wanted to protect their own interests

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21
Q

1st Sino Japanese War

A

1894-5

Ok-Kyun dies =Korea requests Chinese assistance= pretext for Japan to send in their troops= China wages war

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22
Q

Treaty of Shimonoseki

A

1895
China give up all Korea claims
more open trade with Japan
$230mn indemnities

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23
Q

Scramble for concessions

A

1898

Western powers force China into a series of unequal treaties

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24
Q

Germany takes control of port Qingdao + claimed right to railways in region

A

1898

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25
Germany takes control of port Qingdao + claimed right to railways in region
1898
26
100 Days reform
1898 education/exam reforms; 8 legged essay abolished agricultural developments railway construction industry developments BUT= not enough support + Cixi not support it and =too modern to be with Confucianism
27
USA Open Door Policy
1899 called for equal trade with countries + China called for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity
28
Boxer Rebellion
1900 against foreigners Cixi supported it crushed by 8Nation Alliance >50,000 troops
29
Boxer Protocol
``` 1901 £68mn indemnities permanent foreign troops stationed in Beijing foreign powers can defend legislation Cixi= war criminal ```
30
Cixi + Emperor die
1908 =Pu Yi emperor Prince Chun= regent
31
Railway nationalist programme
1911 railway rights recovery movement in response to foreign banks having control of the railways development programmes supressed by Chinese troops =created opportunity for Wuchan uprising =triggered 1911 rev
32
1911 Revolution
``` 1911 overthrow of Qing development of the Republic of China Yuan Shikai =leader =1912 Pu Yi formal abdication ```
33
Sun Yatsen frorms GMD
1912 | amd declares it a parliamentary party
34
Imperial Bank of China renamed
1913 | to the Commercial Bank
35
Yuan Shikai negotiates foreign loans
1913 $100mn had to recognise Russia hold on Outer Mongolia + British control of Tibet
36
21 Demands
1915 (during WW2) western powers could not oppose this due to their role in WW1 Japanese advisors in Chinese gov Japanese special claims to Shandong Japanese claims to mines. railways, ports, bays =protests + anti- Japanese boycotts in China
37
Yuan Shi Kai becomes Emperor
1916
38
Yuan dies
1916
39
General Duan becomes premier
1916 | But his authority is limited as central rule in China is breaking down
40
Versailles conference/Treaty
``` 1918 not achieve China's aims not get Shandong back from Germany 21 Demands not revoked withdrawing of foreign concessions didn't happen =strikes/protests across China ```
41
China joins WW1
1917 >150,000 troops dug trenches industry inc to help provide for the war
42
warlordism begins
1917
43
May 4th Movement
``` 1919 in response to Treaty of Versailles inc science+modernisation emphasised propaganda used anti-imperialist inc Chinese nationalism continuation of late Qing reforms= move away from Confucianism? ```
44
Comintern offers GMD money+military supplies which they accept
1923
45
Friendship Pact
1923 | Moscow+GMD
46
1st United Front
1924-7 GMD+CCP to end warlordism
47
Chiang Kai Shek becomes leader of GMD after SUn Yatsen's death
1925
48
30th May Incident
1925 showed how drastic anti-foreigner sentiment had become =largest yet strikes/protests following 13 killed by British officers in Shanghai =inc CCP membership
49
Northern Expedition
1926 battling warlord forces aided by soviet arms
50
White Terror
1927 GMD turns on CCP Shanghai massacre
51
Autumn harvest
1927 | CCP failed response to the White Terror
52
Mukden Incident
1931 | false flag event staged by japanese so they cld invade Manchuria
53
Japanese Occupation begins
1931
54
Manchuguo created
1932 | ruled by Pu Yi= puppet leader
55
Treaty of Tanguu
1933 demilitarised zone Shek's forces disband demilitarised zone controlled by Japanese
56
Long March
1934 10,000/87,000 survived relocation of CCP powerbase =Mao leader of CCP
57
League of Nations sanctions vs Japan ignored
1935
58
Xian Incident
Dec 1936 CCP kidnap Chiang as they thought his policy of 'lending time for space' was not working + he needed to take the J occupation more seriously+recognise CCP as legitimate party/wld not persecute them anymore =2nd United Front
59
2nd United Front
1936-46
60
Maro Polo Incident =end of Treaty of Tanguu
1937
61
2nd Sino-J war
1937-45 | by 1938 J had control of Beijing, Nanjing
62
Rape of Nanjing
1937 300,000 dead >20,000 raped
63
Jianxi Soviet
``` 1931 1/4 elected officials= women equal divorce laws/rights vote at 16yo (if good classes) purges/terror informing ```
64
Yellow River flooded to prevent Japanese take more land
1938 800,000 dead mns homeless
65
USA cancel trade agreements with Japan
1939
66
100 Regiments Campaign
1940 CCP attack on Japanese to mend CCP-GMD relations as GMD believed they =not contributing enough to the war effort as were more focused on inc their powerbase
67
Pearl harbour
1941 | earlier that yr= USA/J non aggression pact + USA oil embargo on Japan
68
USA invest $1bn in China as saw it as chief means of defeating Japan
1945
69
Japan surrender
1945
70
Soviet-GMD treaty
1945
71
USA organised GMD/CCP talks so they cld come to agreement
1945
72
Civil War
1946-9
73
$3bn from USA to GMD
1946
74
Communist republic of China
1949
75
3 Antis campaign
1951
76
5 Antis campaign
1952
77
1st 5 yr plan
1952
78
collectivisation
1953
79
Khrushchev Destalinisation speech
1956
80
100 Flowers Campaign+Uturn/anti rightest campaign
1957
81
GLF (2nd 5yr plan)
1957-62 State Owned Enterprises 1958= collectivisation made vital part
82
China's Great Famine
1958
83
Sparrowcide
1958
84
Lushan conference
1959 | official CCP gathering to consider GLF progress+all lied abt success except Peng Dehuai= he is denounced as 'criminal'
85
Socialist Education Movement
1962 reinstating communist ideas 4 clean ups gov sent cadres to countryside to expose 'reactionary elements' who had prevented GLF success
86
China becomes 1/5 permanent UN members
post WW2
87
Deng+Liu policies begin to work
production restored to post 1957 levels industrial growth 20% inc oil production X10 ended USSR reliance
88
Mao sets up 5 man grp
1965 so culture is more in line with communist ideals +keep party peace+prevent further party splits =denounced the same yr as 'capitalist roaders'
89
Wuhan Incident
1965 | play is secretly abt dismissal of Peng dehuai
90
CR grp set up
1965
91
August rally
1965 | Tienanmen Square Red Guards +Mao
92
Mao swims in Yangtze River
1965
93
Mao resigns from being Chairman
1958
94
CR becomes official party policy with the '16points of the CR'
8th Aug 1965
95
January Storm vs Shanghai Communist Party
1966
96
February Crackdown+Adverse current
used armed forces to suppress radical grps backlash vs excessive force of CR =Politburo Directive= dec Red guards power
97
Compulsory Rustication programme
1967 | >5mn young ppl sent to countryside
98
Mao death
1976
99
3rd Plenum
1978 Deng chairman accept 4 modernisations (SEZs established) restore party democracy
100
Trial of GO4
1980 accused of betraying Mao/CR directly responsible for 35,000 deaths+>750,000 ppl sentenced =death penalty changed to life imprisonment
101
Resolution of National Ppl's Congress
1980 | condemned liberal view of free speech as wld not work in China as wld= destruction
102
CCP Central Committee resolution =Mao 70% right and 30% wrong
1981
103
Tienanmen Square Massacre
1989
104
Deng death
1997
105
WW2
1939-45 14-20mn dead 100mn refugees

China Alevels (2 decks)

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