Reforms Flashcards
(21 cards)
Qing Ideology
Confucianism
Self Strengthening movement
Qing western model/influence waterways/canals connected to the sea military soldiers sent to Japan shipyards/industries established textile industry Imperial Bank of China established+linked to HSBC some schools adopt W model BUT limited success as =not real modernisation+=not mix well with Confucianism
100 Days Reform
education/exam reform + 8 legged essay abolished
agriculture developed
industry developed
railway construction
BUT= not enough support+TOO MODERN+Cixi not support it
Yuan Shikai Gov
restrictive measures
suspended parliament
men>21yo+educated+own land+pay taxes= can vote= 4-6% pop.
made himself emporer 1916
Yuan Shikai society
education- compulsory/national primary school program BUT=limited success as still had to pay for it
social- men>21yo+educated+own land+pay taxes= can vote= 4-6% pop.
strict opium ban BUT hard to enforce due to gangs
inc sense of nationalism
warlordism gov
many ideologies
no clear central gov/had one but had not much power
some had reforms
eg; Xishan abolish foot binding+better girls’ education
eg; some Christian warlords
GMD three ppl’s principles
- democracy
- national sovereignty
- ppl’s welfare
Nanjing Decade economy
industry- National Highway Commission + 6900 modern railway networks + inc industrial output 6% +coal production inc by 12mn
BUT heavily concentrated in Treaty ports + =large unskilled workforce
agriculture- 1930 Land Law (broad range of reforms) + National agriculture research bureau
BUT still mainly traditional methods used =no modernisation
finance- central bank in Shanghai + central bank used to sell gov bonds + Shanghai stock exchange on the Global Financial market + military was inc budget more than ever= 40% + inc taxes + budget deficit
+golden yuan introduced BUT =worthless= ppl lost money
BUT inflation= now hyperinflation (300%) + inc budget deficit
trade- inc foreign trade
BUT not abolish opium trade as it was supported by gangs + Great Depression= contraction in global trade
warlordism economy
printed > money to stop inflation but acc worsened it
looting
warlords seized privately owned businesses
Yuan Shikai economy
finance- national currency centralised + mns depreciated banknotes recalled + brought tax revenues under control + negotiated $100mn foreign loans BUT had to recognise R claim to outer Mongolia/B claim to Tibet+pledge future tax revenues as security + he inc budget deficit + all tax revenue went ot paying off debts
trade- strict opium ban BUT hard to enforce due to gangs
Nanjing Decade society
education- 1929 National Education Conference + declared school compulsory for all of school age BUT still need to pay for education
Jiangxi Soviet 1931- 1/4 elected officials=women, equal divorce laws, vote at 16 for ONLY good classes, purges/terror
ideas- Sun Yatsen’s 3 ppl’s principles + New Life Movement; inc public morality standards + some Confucianism aspects
BUT this did not have much of an effect
Wars economy
finance- USA $1bn to GMD during WW2 + Tax X2 + 230% inflation
industry- nationalised + coa; production X2
Wars social
Rape of Nanjing
conscription; military + labour
WW2= 14-20mn dead + 100mn refugees
Civil War
GMD:CCP = 4:1
GMD support amongst ppl had dec significantly (destroyed finances;)
USA ($3bn/lend lease scheme)/Soviet support for GMD
Mao= >tactical + good military + propaganda + attractive policies (peasants)
Communist Ppl’s Republic of China society
education- communist focus + inc gov spending + inc education levels by 50% throughout the period 3/5 Antis systematic mass terror purges speak bitterness >equal no landlords; 1-2mn executed classified ppl fear CULTURAL REV travel permits needed iron rice bowl 1955 language reform; pin yin= standardised attack on religion; churches forcibly closed, church property seized, clergy denounced/expelled + 1950s campaign to remove religion from peasants' life closed youth organisations competition between communes Maoism little red book 1950s Women- in workforce in 20%, can own property, granted land, marriage reforms, no arranged marriages, no cocubines, no forced marriages, no bound feet
Communist Ppl’s Republic of China gov
ppl's democratic dictatorship CCP involved in every aspect of life =inc control violence; speak bitterness + labour camps + 100flowers/anti rightest democratic centralism chairman Mao at top state bureacracy + CCP + PLA CULTURAL REV huge state control iron rice bowl
Communist Ppl’s Republic of China economy
industry- work in units led by party cadres + TU under party cadres power + PLA used for public works like buildroads/bridges + rural-urban migration inc workforce + 1st 5yr plan (gross output inc 12mn tonnes BUT exaggerated figures?+needed more food for further expansion)+ GLF =FAILURE
agriculture- land reform (12.6% inc grain production+43% cultivated land redistribution) + collectivisation + output inc 3.8%
BUT inc famine + no modernisation in methods or tools
finance- 41% state spending PLA + unite with USSR to try and beat USA/UK production
CULTURAL REV= austerity measures = no 3rd 5yr plan
meet quotas
GLF; 1958= 750,000 collectives merged into 260,000 larger communes
all of GLF products went to payoff USSR debt so cld inc self sufficiency
dangerous homemade steel furnaces
SOEs created
output targets set by state
bad quality gs made
1959-62 = inc manufactured gs by 50%
dec grain production by 40mn- sparrowcide
Barefoot doctors
industrial output dec 13%
new methods quickly introduced= not work eg; irrigation systems
Deng economy
SEZs BUT = benefits mainly in ports etc
4 modernisations
defence made 4th in importance for funding as believed to make it inc efficiency =not >£needed
‘hands off policy’
13yr lease= uncertainty for peasants
GDP inc by 400 due to SEZs
inflation gradually dec; 1979=6.1%, 1989= 4.3%
education reform= educated to run SEZs
SEZs= inc Ms X6 in 10yrs , Xs inc X5 in 10yrs
dec state intervention = dec inefficiencies
BUT SOEs= strong resistance to these changes= reforms took longer to implement (eg; took until 1986 to get modified labour contract scheme operating)
rural success= inc gross output X2
coal output inc X12
electricity inc X500
inc uncertainty abt state subsidies
Deng society
rise of the middle class; inc by 11% by 1997 Tienanmen square massacre inc uncertainty for peasants severe urban overcrowding 4 modernisations BUT not =more jobs 7th May Cadre schools labour camps democracy movement + wall
Deng gov
Tienanmen square massacre
Trial OF GO4
repression; violent+political
Central Committee resolution= Mao 70+30%
PLA reform
4 modernisations; agri, industry, education, defence
National Ppl’s congress resolution= condemn free speech in China
warlordism society
many ideologies suffering looting May 4th Movement inc sense of nationalism 1925 30th May incident= shows how extreme anti-foreigner sentiment had become
