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History - Civil Rights - Native Americans > Key events > Flashcards

Key events Flashcards

(114 cards)

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1
Q

What rights did the NAs want?

A

-rights to their culture and nomadic lifestyle->self determination

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2
Q

What was the policy of the US government towards NAs? (3)

A

-isolate them (1830s-1850s so don’t need to know but helpful)
-control through reservations (1850s-1880s) and assimilation
-Americanisation 1887->Dawes Act

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3
Q

What did the Dawes Severalty Act do?

A

-NAs given allotted land to farm->given American citizenship so the government no longer responsible

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4
Q

How much opposition was there to US government policy? (2)

A

-some eg the Plains Wars 1862-1568 and Little Bighorn
-ghost dance->seen as a form of opposition even though it was just them trying to get the dead buffalo and NAs back

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5
Q

Which president was the American Civil War under? When?

A

-Lincoln
-1861-1865

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6
Q

What was the positive impact of the American Civil War on NAs?

A

-relations between soldiers and NA were uneasy at times, but some trading took place

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7
Q

What were the negative impacts of the American Civil War on NAs? (3)

A

-much of the war was fought on the plains and many forts were built to support the soldiers
-officials responsible for ensuring aid reached the reservations were corrupt, meaning their lives were not protected
-failed to provide aid to NA as funding was stretched due to the Civil War

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8
Q

What impact did the American Civil War have? (progress/regress etc)

A

Brought the NA into more conflict with the US army and white settlers as the war took place on the Plains but there were some incidences of the army and NA working together which suggests that the relationship between the groups was fractious but they could work together

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9
Q

Which president did the Homestead Act happen under? When?

A

-Lincoln
-1962

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10
Q

What was the Homestead Act?

A

Offered 160 acres of land to any American citizen over the age of 21 years. The act aimed to aid the fufillment of the Manifest Destiny principle to ‘civilise’ the plains

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11
Q

What was the negative impact of the Homestead Act on NAs?

A

-encouraged settlement of NA land and increased conflict with white settlers

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12
Q

What impact did the Homestead Act have? (progress/regress etc)

A

Sparks the process of removal of NA land but NA can continue their traditional way of life at this point

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13
Q

Which president was the Indian Appropriation Act? When?

A

-Grant
-1871

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14
Q

What was the Indian Appropriation Act? (2)

A

-Was allowed to determine how Native American tribes were organised on the reservations.
-It ended any treaties between individual tribes and the government

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15
Q

What were the negative impacts of the Indian Appropriation Act on NAs? (3)

A

-NAs made wards of the state and no independent Indian nation was recognised
-confine Indians to undesired land and restrict their movement, subdue them, and make them essentially dependent on the US
-restricted NA lifestyle

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16
Q

Why was the Indian Appropriation Act important?

A

-it was a turning point in the governments treatment/attitudes towards NAs

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17
Q

What impact did the Indian Appropriations Act have? (progress/regress etc)

A

Significant turning point due to NAs having their lives restricted by the US government and they became fully dependent on them but they were still allowed to continue some cultural traditions within the reservations

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18
Q

Which president was the Dawes Severalty Act? When?

A

-Cleveland
-1887

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19
Q

What were the negative impacts of the Dawes Severalty Act? (2)

A

-the result of the failure of the reservations policy led to the allocation of allotments for NA to farm
-land-owning NA were granted citizenship rights->NAs didn’t want this

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20
Q

What impact did the Dawes Severalty Act have? (progress/regress etc)

A

Initially did not apply to the ‘Five Civilised Tribes’ who had adapted more white American culture->this was amended after 1898

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21
Q

Which president was WW1 under?

A

Wilson

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22
Q

What was the negative impact of WW1?

A

-sparked the first stage of urbanisation of NA

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23
Q

What impact did the WW1 have? (progress/regress etc)

A

Stereotypes about Native Americans as natural “warriors” led to dangerous combat assignments that resulted in higher casualty rates than those for white soldiers. On the home front, the government justified increased loss of tribal land as a “war measure.”

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24
Q

Which president was the Indian Citizenship Act? When?

A

-Coolidge
-1924

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25
How many NAs had the vote by 1928?
2/3
26
What was the negative impact on the Indian Citizenship Act?
-the act intended to promote assimilation and did not guarantee state voting rights->and government policy did not lend itself to increasing the number of NA voters
27
What impact did the Indian Citizenship Act have? (progress/regress etc)
Their right to vote was often denied however, they did not want the vote->government policy was misunderstanding what NAs wanted
28
Which president was the Leavitt Bill? When?
-Coolidge -1926
29
Was the Leavitt Bill passed?
no
30
Why wasn't the Leavitt Bill passed? What did this show?
-due to AIDA blocking it -> showing activist groups could block the government
31
What is another name for the Leavitt Bill?
Dance Order
32
What was the negative impacts of the Leavitt Bill? (2)
-NA were banned from traditional rituals and dances -was seen as an attack on their civil and religious rights
33
What impact did the Leavitt Bill have? (progress/regress etc)
This bill led to the creation of the American Indian Defense Association (AIDA) which prevented the passing of the act. But it still threatened the culture and self determination and shows the governments wants
34
Which president was the Meriam Report? When?
-Coolidge -1928
35
What was the Meriam Report the equivalent to?
'To secure these rights'
36
What was the positive impact of the Meriam Report?
-it condemned the allotment policy which had failed to provide economic support for the NA
37
What impact did the Meriam Report have? (progress/regress etc)
-the report did not condemn assimilation but it helped conserve their culture and self-determination
38
Which president was the Indian Reorganisation Act? When?
-FDR -1934
39
What was another name for the Indian Reorganisation Act?
Wheeler-Howard Act
40
What was the Indian Reorganisation Act considered as? Who changed that? (2)
-considered part of the ‘Indian New Deal’ -largely brought in after John Collier was appointed Commissioner for Indian Affairs
41
What were the positive impacts of the Indian Reorganisation Act? (4)
-the act is seen as a significant step in allowing NA more control over the administration of reservations -it cemented their rights to practice their own religion, assert cultural heritage and overturned a ban on ceremonial dances and celebrations -it also curtailed the sale of unallocated Indian land -the act granted a new degree of autonomy to Native Americans in the United States, giving them greater control over their lands and allowing them to form legally recognized tribal governments
42
What impact did the Indian Reorganisation Act have? (progress/regress etc) (2)
-many now believe that the IRA failed to improve economic conditions for Native Americans -but John Collier, a white American, perhaps didn’t truly understand the needs of the Native American community
43
Which president was WW2 under?
FDR
44
What was the negative impact of WW2 on NAs?
-many veterans to advocate for a new day, when America would honour tribal treaty rights and allow Indians to live in their own way
45
What was the positive impacts of WW2 on NAs? (2)
-NAs were used extensively during WWII as messengers, utilising their native languages -100,000 left the reservations with 75,000 moving to urban areas and 25,000 served in the army
46
What impact did WW2 have? (progress/regress etc) (3)
-NA war veterans were not granted the same privileges as white soldiers and were forced back onto the reservations -Japanese Americans were also relocated onto reservation land post-1945 -however, NAs were empowered by WW2
47
Which presidents was the Indian Claims Commission? When?
-Truman - Carter -1946-1978
48
Why was the Indian Claims Commission put in place?
-put in place to recognise the achievements of the NA war veterans
49
What was the positive impact of the Indian Claims Commission?
-appeared to provide an opportunity to claim land that had been lost by treaties in the 19th century
50
What impact did the Indian Claims Commission have? (progress/regress etc) (2)
-370 petitions were filed but most received financial compensation rather than the land they had hoped for -but ICC did little to support NA, working slowly and aided the assimilation process by removing government responsibility for reservation Indians
51
When was Eisenhower president? What happened under his presidency, when? (2)
-1953-1961 -Policy of Termination 1953 -Indian Vocational Training Act 1956
52
Which president was the Policy of Termination? When?
-Eisenhower -1953
53
What was the Policy of Termination an attempt to?
-attempt to fast track the assimilation of NAs
54
What was the Policy of Termination?
-voluntary relocation away from reservations was offered in a bid to end the reservation system
55
What was the negative impact of the Policy of Termination on NAs?
-it no longer recognised them as wards of the state and it aimed to end federal control of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (office controlling money for the development of NA, and responsible for their education and reservations)
56
What impact did the Policy of Termination have? (progress/regress etc)
The government wanted to stop supporting NAs, leaving them to fend for themselves and essentially removing their ability to support themselves. But they still had their self-determination
57
Which president was the Indian Vocational Training Act under? When?
-Eisenhower -1956
58
What was the Indian Vocational Training Act established alongside?
-the Policy of Determination to provide vocational training for NAs
59
What was the negative impact of the Indian Vocational Training Act for NAs?
-established to provide vocational training for Native Americans
60
What was the positive impact of the Indian Vocational Training Act for NAs?
-increased population of urban Indians
61
Which president was Affirmative Action under? When?
-LBJ -1968
62
Who did the Affirmative Action policy continue under?
Nixon
63
What did the Affirmative Action policy sought to offer?
-sought to offer enhanced economic opportunities for minorities, particularly African Americans but included Native Americans too
64
What was clear about the Affirmative Action policy by the late 1960s?
-End of Termination - by the late 1960s the negative effects of the policy were clear. Nixon continued this policy when he took office
65
Which president was the siege of Alcatraz? When?
-Nixon -1969-1971
66
What was the Siege of Alcatraz inspired by and what was it? (2)
-the Red Power movement of the 1960s inspired the Black Power progress and led 14 men and women representing all tribes to seize control of the island prison -the NA took control of Alcatraz which had once belonged to the Ohlone Indians
67
Who led the Siege of Alcatraz?
Richard Oakes
68
What was the positive impacts of the Siege of Alcatraz? (3)
-it was carefully planned and orchestrated to highlight the plight of the Native Americans and utilised media interest -symbolic of the life imprisonment of NAs in poverty on reservations and urban areas -the US government later returned millions of acres of ancestral Indian land and passed more than 50 legislative proposals supporting tribal self rule
69
When did the Siege of Alcatraz end? How many NAs visited the island? (2)
-1971 -10,000 NAs visited the island
70
Which president was the occupation of Mt Rushmore under? When?
-Nixon -1971
71
What was the occupation of Mt Rushmore?
-found in the sacred Black Hills of Dakota->this was an attempt to assert the disputed ownership of the sacred burial grounds of the Lakota Sioux Indians
72
What did the Supreme Court award the Great Sioux Tribe as compensation for their loss of the Black Hills as a result of the occupation of Mt Rushmore?
-$105 million but the sum was rejected
73
Why did the Sioux Tribe reject the money in the occupation of Mt Rushmore?
continued to demand the return of land
74
What was the impact of the occupation of Mt Rushmore?
the protesters were eventually evicted but subsequently camps have been set up to lay claim to the area
75
Which president was the Indian Education Act under? When?
-Nixon -1972
76
What was the negative impact of the Indian Education Act?
-increase in federal funding for Indian schools, including programmes to build reservation schools
77
What was the positive impact of the Indian Education Act?
-closure of highly controversial boarding schools was part of the reform continued post-Nixon by Ford and Carter
78
Which president was the occupation of Wounded Knee? When?
-Nixon -1973
79
Why was the occupation of Wounded Knee a significant place?
-site of the 1890 massacre was chosen as a place of protest
80
What did they protest Occupation of Wounded Knee? (2)
-protest following the suspected financial dealings of the president over the Reservations -presidents maltreatment of Indian inhabitants
81
What were the positive impacts of the occupation of Wounded Knee? (2)
-the violent occupation lasted 71 days -similar to Alcatraz, this was covered extensively by the media
82
What was the outcome of the occupation of Wounded Knee? (2)
-it ended with a negotiated settlement -Congress took no steps to honour broken Indian treaties, but in the courts some tribes won major settlements from federal and state governments in cases involving tribal land claims
83
Which president was the Indian Self-Determination Act? When?
-Ford -1975
84
What was the Indian Self-Determination Act?
-it laid down the processes whereby the tribes could negotiate contracts with the Bureau of Indian Affairs to take responsibility for their own education, health and social service provision
85
What was the positive impacts of the Indian Self-Determination Act? (2)
-negotiate contracts with the Bureau of Indian Affairs to take responsibility for their own education, health and social service provision -it also authorised the allocation of federal funding for these programmes which moved the tribes nearer to self-sufficiency
86
Which president was the American Indian Policy Review Commission? When?
-Ford -1975
87
What was the American Indian Policy Review Commission set up to do?
-set up to review the historical and legal relationship between the federal government and American Indians, with a view to advising on future government policy
88
Out of the 11 commissioners how many were of Indian heritage in the American Indian Policy Review Commission?
5
89
What was the positive impact of the American Indian Policy Review Commission?
-led to better representation of NAs and understanding of their culture etc
90
Which president was the Education Assistance Act? When?
-Ford -1975
91
What did the Education Assistance Act do?
-gave American-Indian parents greater involvement in their children’s education through membership of their school board
92
What was the positive impact of the Education Assistance Act?
allowed NAs self determination
93
Which president was the Native American Religious Freedoms Act? When?
-Carter -1978
94
What did the Native American Religious Freedoms Act give NAs?
-gave Native Americans the right ‘to believe, express and exercise traditional religions including access to sites, use and possession of sacred objects and freedom to worship through ceremonials and traditional rights’
95
What did the Native American Religious Freedoms Act stimulate action to recover?
-stimulated action to recover sacred objects as well as human remains located in museums in the west or in that allotted land that included sacred burial grounds
96
What were the negative impacts of the Native American Religious Freedoms Act? (2)
-but did include a ban on dances and other customary cultural practices, until this was revised -due to the displacement of Native people to Indian reservations, many grassroots people didn’t know where their traditional sacred areas and territory lands were located
97
Which president was the Indian Child Welfare Act? When?
-Carter -1978
98
What did the Indian Child Welfare Act attempt to do?
-attempted to determine the rights of Native American parents in relation to the continuing practice of forcibly removing Indian children from their families
99
What was the negative impact of the Indian Child Welfare Act?
-forcibly removed Indian children from their families often resulted from a poor understanding of cultural traditions misinterpreted as neglect
100
Which president was the Native American Graves Protection Act? When?
-Bush -1990
101
What did the Native American Graves Protection Act reinforce?
-reinforced the Native American Religious Freedom Act
102
What was the positive impact of the Native American Graves Protection Act?
-required all federally-funded institutions to repatriate American Indian remains, grave goods and sacred objects
103
What things happened under Lincoln? When? (2)
-American Civil War 1861-5 -Homestead Act 1862
104
What thing happened under Grant? When? (1)
-Dawes Severalty Act 1887
105
What thing happened under Wilson? When? (1)
-WW1 1914-1918
106
What things happened under Coolidge? When? (3)
-Indian Citizenship Act 1924 -the Leavitt Bill/Dance Order proposed 1926 but never passed -Meriam Report 1928
107
What things happened under FDR? When? (2)
-Indian Reorganisation Act/ Wheeler-Howard Act 1934 -WW2 1939-1945
108
What thing happened under Truman - Carter? When? (1)
-Indian Claims Commission 1945-1978
109
What things happened under Eisenhower? When? (2)
-Policy of Termination 1953 -Indian Vocational Training Act 1956
110
What thing happened under LBJ? When? (1)
-Affirmative Action 1968 -> End of Termination?
111
What things happened under Nixon? When? (4)
-Siege of Alcatraz 1969-1971 -Occupation of Mount Rushmore 1971 -Indian Education Act 1972 -Occupation of Wounded Knee 1973
112
What things happened under Ford? When? (3)
-Indian Self-Determination Act 1975 -American Indian Policy Review Commission 1975 -Education Assistance Act 1975
113
What things happened under Carter? When? (2)
-Native American Religious Freedoms Act 1978 -Indian Child Welfare Act 1978
114
What thing happened under Bush? When? (1)
-Native American Graves Protection Act 1990

History - Civil Rights - Native Americans (7 decks)

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