KEY EXAMPLES NEEDED!!!!!!!! Flashcards
(10 cards)
disadv globalisation
- average Indian monthly earnings around 32,000 rupees= approximately $369 USD vs US $6,676 per month
- Foxconn is the single largest employer in mainland China
= there are 1.3 million people on its payroll
= 14 workers committed suicide in 2010 - misrepresentation and cultural dilution due to cultural globalisation is form of americanisation
= Disney films moana and pochahontus criticised for misrepresenting indigenous cultures= commercialising their traditions for global audiences while oversimplifying their histories and beliefs - after COVID-19, IMF issued $650 billion in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) to help countries recover
= African countries received less than 5% of SDR allocation= needed more - 2008 financial crash caused interconnected financial markets to collapse
= economic growth in emerging and developing economies dropped from 13.8% in 2007 to 6.1% in 2008, and it fell to 2.1% in 2009
adv globalisation
- 2017, Kenya launched its own $3.8 billion China-funded train line linking Nairobi to Mombasa
- 1990, 43% of the population of developing countries lived in extreme poverty, the absolute number was 1.9 billion people
= today about 9.2% today of the world live in extreme poverty - UN 1948 declaration of HRs= Rwandan Genocide 1994 led to massacre of 800,000 Tutsis and Hutus= UN made UNAMIR missions which delployed 2,500 peacekeepers in Rwanda to protect civilians and prevent genocide
- spread of Kpop from South Korea= gained global popularity
= connected diff cultures through entertainment e.g. Hollywood and bollywod - social media accelerated spread of social and political movements that advocate for social or environmental justice
= 2017 #MeToo movement gained international traction about sexual harassment and gender equality
= 2018 Fridays for Future started by Greta Thunberg= united worldwide young people to address climate change and pressurise Govs to put climate change as priority on political agenda - cultural globalisation can boost tourism by promoting a country’s culture internationally
= tourism brings in roughly 15-20% of GDP in Dominican Republic as the country is a major Caribbean tourist destination
key thinker POVs on globalisation
- ## transformationalists= good way to reshape society and economies BUT don’t believe it makes nation-state irrelevant as states can adapt and maintain sovereignty
international court adv
ICJ
- Costa Rica and Nicaragua 2018= territorial dispute over san Juan river, ICJ ruled in favour of costa rica
= required nicaragua to compensate for environmental damage
= both countries complied with ruling= show court’s ability to resolve environmental and territorial issues
ICC
- secured convictions against 10 individuals= all sentenced to imprisonment
e.g. Thomas Lubanga convicted 2012 for recruiting child soldiers and Dominic Ongwen convicted 2021 for muder and sexual enslavemnt
- 2023 issued arrest warrant on Putin for war crimes related Ukraine war
- 2025 captured Philippine president Rodrigo dutere for crimes against humanity due to “war on drugs” which ended up with 12,000-30,000 deaths permitted by dutere himself
ECHR
- Siliadin v France 2005= ECHR ruled France failed to protect a young Togolese girl who was subject to forced domestic labour violating article 4 of ECHR which prohibits forced labour and slavery
= case raised awareness of modern slavery within Europe and forced member states to strengthen their legislation on this issue
= France revised laws with stronger protections against forced labour
TRIBUNALS
- ITC of Rwanda made in 1994 to prosecute those responsible for 1994 genocide of 800,000 lives in 100 days= mayor jean Paul akayasu convicted of harms against humanity and acts of sexual violence= first case to establish rape can constitute as an act of genocide
= influenced how gender based violence is prosecuted in context of mass atrocities
international court disadv
ICJ
- 2022 response to Ukraine’s claim of genocide= ICJ issued advisory opinion that ordered Russia to immediately halt it’s military action in Ukraine
BUT despite the ruling, russia refused to comply and continued it’s invasion
= argued that claims of genocide were baseless= limitations of ICJ enforcement powers as it relies on state cooperation
- after 9/11, US launched war on terror 2001 leading to military interventions and extensive anti-terrorism measures
= reports surfaced of HRs abuses like torture and indefinite detention @ facilities like guanantoma bay that detain terrorism suspects wo trial
= reports of torutre like waterboarding, stress positions and more
= rejected Geneva Convention and UN convention against torture
BUT no case for brought against ICJ
ICC
- 2023, 31 individuals indicted by ICC were African nations like Uganda and Libya
- 70 states haven’t signed Rome statute e.g. US, china and Russia
- ICC issued an arrest warrant for Putin March 2023 over unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children but not arrested as Russia not a party to the Rome Statute
- Omar al bashir (former president of Sudan) avoided arrest for years despite ICC indictment of crime during Darfur conflict where over 200,000 ppl killed because countries like South Africa and Kenya refused to enforce a warrant when he entered the countries
ECHR
- Hirst v UK 2005= ECHR rules blanket ban on prisoner’s voting rights was a violation to right to free elections under article 3 of ECHR
= UK still failed to introduce voting rights to prisoners= limits of influence due to non-compliance
TRIBUNALS
- ICTY failed to apprehend Ratko Mladic until 2011 (under his command, Bosnian Serb forces killed more than 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys= classed as genocide) as he was protected by nationalist sympathisers in Bosnia and Serbia
adv humanitarian int
- 1995 Srebenrica massacre killed 8,000 Bosnian men and boys by Bosnian serb forces
= UN created UNPROFOR w 38,599 military personnel, including 684 United Nations military observers; the Force also included 803 civilian police
= protected humanitarian aid routes and civilian safe areas
= int led to 1995 Dayton Accords which was peace agreement between 2 Bosnian entities - immediate prevention of HRs abuses
= Kosovo int driven by violence between serb and Albanian Kosovars seeking independence= led to ethnic cleansing and mass atrocities
= NATO bypassed UNSC due to expected vetoes of Russia and china
= launched 78 day bombing campaign against Yugoslav forces
= forced Yugoslav president to withdraw troops from Kosovo= mission lacked direct UN authorisation but was mad eon humanitarian grounds to prevent future loss of life - able to create long term peace and hold perpetrators accountable
= civil war in Sierra Leone led to child soldiers and human atrocities led by RUF
= 1999 UN made UNAMSIL to oversee peace process and disarm combatants
= in 2000, British forces int to stabilise resistance from RUF which restored gov control and establishment of Sierra Leone special court to prosecute those responsible for war crimes like Charles Taylor
= success of binding international and national efforts for peace - UN endorsed R2P at world summit in response to failure of Rwanda help
= states has responsibly to prevent genocide, ethnic cleansing, HRs abuses
= sov was conditional on a state’s willingness to protect its population
= 2011 NATO led int in Libya to prevent Gaddafi threat of massacre in Benghazi
= example of R2P doctrine which overthrew Gaddafi regime
disadv humanitarian int
- unsuccessful and lead to instability
= 1992 Somalia civil war and famine led to collapse of gov
= UNSC authorised operation ‘Restore Hope’ led by US to give aid and assistance of 28,000 troops
= int had challenges due to lack of LR strategy= led to 1993 ‘Battle of Mogadishu’ that killed 18 US troops and 100s Somali causalities
= failed to crate lasting stability as UN withdrew in 1995
= couldn’t fix internal conflicts - 2003 Iraq war led to takedown of hussein’s gov but left a power vaccum which led to widespread violence and the formation of extremist groups like ISIS which committed further HRs abuses later on
- 1994 genocide called for creation of UNAMIR which had limited mandate of only 270 peacekeepers despite 800,000 deaths in 100 days
= failure to act decisively due to no clear strategic interest - humanitarian int undermines state sov
= int may be used as justification for military action not genuinely made to protect HRs
= blurred line between humanitarian int and strategic military action
= 2003 Iraq war justified by US on grounds of weapons of mass destruction and to remove Sudan Hussain regime abuses
= action lacked UN authorisation= less legitimacy - humanitarian int caused civilian casualties
= 1999 NATO Kosovo air strikes caused thousands of civilian deaths
= reports state NATO bombing accidentally targeted civilian infra like hospitals and schools
why is there low humanitarian int
- increased power of states that oppose state sov violations
= China and Russia used UNSC vetoes to block humanitarian assistance resolutions
= Russia repeatedly defended Bashar al-Assad in Syria by vetoing resolutions
= defended used of chemical weapons and HRs abuses of 500,000 deaths - growing criticism of western hypocrisy
= 2002 war on terror and invasion of Iraq= 151,000 deaths as of June 2006
= US still continued to support Israel despite HRs abuses and 45,000 deaths
= weakened western authority to lead humanitarian intervention - US growing isolationism
= trump advocated for “America first” approach that promised domestic issues over international int and Biden withdrew from afghan 2021
other ways to help HRs
civil society
- grassroots HRs movements like BLM movement founded in 2013 after the acquittal of Trayvon Martin’s killer
= 2020 murder of George Floyd mobilised over 20 mil people in US alone, protests in over 60 countries
= pressure led to policy shifts in US cities e.g. bans on chokeholds and more funding for community-led safety programs and $10 billion in corporate pledges towards racial equity issue in 2020
HRs NGOs
- Amnesty International has over 10 mil members and supporters globally and has leveraged its influence to pressure issues like torture, unlawful killings etc
= ongoing reports on forced labour in Xinjiang have drawn international attention and led to EU sanctions
- HRs watch produce in depth reports on child labour, human trafficking etc
= HRWs work on Rohingya abuses in Myanmar led to the genocide being brought to the ICJ
- Open Society Foundation has invested $32 billion in HRs and social justice
= 2019, OSF provided $220 mil to organisations working on racial justice in the US
= $1 bil in grants for initiatives on gender equality, economic justice and civil rights across Latin America= funded indigenous rights in the amazon, Africa and Asia
= amplified global rights advocacy
