KEY PAEDS

Question 1

Cyanotic congenital heart disease presenting within the first few days of life?

Answer 1

TGA.

Question 2

Cyanotic congenital heart disease presenting at 1-2 months of age?

Answer 2

TOF.

Question 3

Cardiac disease associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

Answer 3

Dilated cardiomyopathy.

Question 4

Types of heart disease associated with Down’s syndrome?

Answer 4

VSD
TOF
Secundum atrial septal defect.

Question 5

Non-cardiac conditions associated with Down’s syndrome?

Answer 5

Hypothyroidism
AML
Alzheimer's disease
Repeated respiratory infections 
Hearing impairment from reported glue ear

Question 6

GI conditions associated with Down’s syndrome?

Answer 6

Hirschsprung’s disease

Duodenal atresia

Question 7

Most common cause of cyanotic congenital heart disease?

Answer 7

TOF.

Question 8

4 characteristic features of tetralogy of fallot?

Answer 8

VSD
RVH
RV outflow tract obstruction (pulmonary stenosis)
Overriding aorta

Question 9

Murmur caused by pulmonary stenosis often heard in TOF?

Answer 9

Ejection systolic murmur.

Question 10

ECG findings in TOF.

Answer 10

Signs of RVH.

Question 11

How can cyanotic episodes be helped in TOF?

Answer 11

Beta-blockers to reduce infundibular spasm.

Question 12

Patau’s syndrome?

Answer 12

Microcephaly
Small eyes
Cleft lip/ palate
Polydactyly
Scalp lesions

Question 13

Edward’s syndrome?

Answer 13

Micrognathia
Low-set ears
Rocker-bottom feet
Overlapping of ears

Question 14

Fragile X syndrome?

Answer 14

Learning difficulties
Macrocephaly
Long face
Large ears
Macro-orchidism

Question 15

Noonan syndrome?

Answer 15

Webbed neck
Pectus excavatum
Short stature
Pulmonary stenosis

Question 16

Pierre-Robin syndrome?

Answer 16

Micrognathia
Posterior displacement of the tongue (can cause upper airway obstruction)
Cleft palate

Question 17

Prader-Willi syndrome?

Answer 17

Hypotonia
Hypogonadism
Obesity

Question 18

William’s syndrome?

Answer 18

Short stature
Learning difficulties
Friendly, extrovert personality
Transient neonatal hypercalcaemia
Supravalvular aortic stenosis

Question 19

Cri Du Chat syndrome?

Answer 19

Characteristic cry
Feeding difficulties
Poor weight gain
Learning difficulties
Microcephaly + micrognathism
Hypertelorism

Question 20

Difference between teacher-collins syndrome and Pierre-robin syndrome?

Answer 20

Teacher-Collins syndrome tends to have a family history of similar disorders as inheritance is autosomal dominant.

Question 21

Features of chickenpox?

Answer 21

Fever initially.
Itchy rash starting on head/ trunk then spreads.
Rash initially macular then papular.
Systemic upset usually mild.

Question 22

Features of measles?

Answer 22

Prodrome: irritable, conjunctivitis, fever.
Koplik spots: white spots on buccal mucosa
Rash: starts behind ears then move to whole body. Rash initially blotchy then confluent.

Question 23

Features of mumps?

Answer 23

Fever, malaise, muscular pain

Parotitis (earache/ pain on eating) which is unilateral then becomes bilateral

Question 24

Features of Rubella?

Answer 24

Pink maculopapular rash initially on face (then spreads to rest of body)
Rash fades by days 3-5
Suboccipital + post-auricular lymphadenopathy.

Question 25

Features of scarlet fever?

Answer 25

Group A haemolytic streptococci Fever, malaise, tonsilitis Strawberry tongue Sandpaper rash sparing area around mouth

Question 26

Features of hand, foot and mouth disease?

Answer 26

Coxsackie A16 virus Mild systemic upset (sore throat/ fever) Vesicles in mouth + on palms and soles.

Question 27

Features of erythema infectiosum?

Answer 27

'Slapped-cheek syndrome' Parvovirus B19 Lethargy, fever, headache Slapped-cheeky rash spreading to proximal arms and extensor surfaces

Question 28

Coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 28

Weak femoral pulses Metabolic acidosis Poor perfusion

Question 29

Patent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 29

Loud continuous systolic murmur Bounding peripheral pulses Cardiomegaly Common in premature infants

Question 30

VSD

Answer 30

Cyanosis within 2-3 weeks of birth No murmur Left axis deviation

Question 31

Cause of perthes disease?

Answer 31

Disruption of blood flow to head of femur.

Question 32

Common age of presentation of perthes disease?

Answer 32

4-10

Question 33

Cause of Rheumatic fever?

Answer 33

Streptococcus progenies (e.g. streptococcal pharyngitis)

Question 34

4 systems affected by rheumatic fever?

Answer 34

Heart Joints Skin Brain

Question 35

Rash associated with rheumatic fever.

Answer 35

Erythema marginatum = macules > rings > snake like appearance (due to coalescence).

Question 36

Major diagnostic criteria of rheumatic fever?

Answer 36

Erythema marginatum Polyarthritis Myocarditis/ Pericarditis/ new murmur Subcutaneous nodules

Question 37

Use of aspirin in children/ teenagers with rheumatic fever can cause what?

Answer 37

Reye's syndrome.

Question 38

LP result in bacterial meningitis?

Answer 38

Reduced CSF glucose | Increased Neutrophils

Question 39

Heart defects associated with Turner's syndrome?

Answer 39

Bicuspid aortic valv (EJS) Aortic root dilatation Coarctation of the aorta

Question 40

Red flag for a child not knowing 2-6 words?

Answer 40

18 months (refer at 18 months if child does not have 2-6 words in vocabulary)

Question 41

When should a child learn and respond to their own name?

Answer 41

12 months.

Question 42

When should a child be able to combine 2 words?

Answer 42

2 years.