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Wars Of The Roses (1450-1499) > Key People > Flashcards

Key People Flashcards

1
Q

Henry VI

A

Life = 1422-71
Reign = 1422-61 & 1470-71
- became king at 9 months
- his weakness as king led to the origins of conflict
- criticised for letting ‘evil councillors’ dominate
- he lost all the land his father Henry V gained in France except Calais
- fell into catatonic state in 1453, became a political pawn

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2
Q

Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester

A

Life = 1390-1477
- was lord protector of England during Henry VI’s minority
-

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3
Q

John, Duke of Bedford

A

Life = 1389-1435
- acted as regent of France for Henry VI
- capable soldier and had effective military management
- died during the Congress of Arras in 1435, his death contributed to the loss of Burgundy

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4
Q

Margaret of Anjou

A

Life = 1430-82
- married Henry VI in 1445
- assumed leadership of Lancastrian cause
- did everything she could to try put her son Edward, Prince of Wales on the throne

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5
Q

Richard, duke of York

A

Life = 1411-60
- was heir presumptive after Henry VI
- Duke of Somerset key rival
- claimed the throne in 1460

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6
Q

William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk

A

Life = 1396-1450
- leading magnate under Henry VI
- accused of treason and banished in 1450 but was killed in Cade rebellions on his way to exile

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7
Q

Edmund, 2nd Duke of Somerset

A

Life = 1406-55
- main rival of Richard, Duke of York
- replaced York as lieutenant of France, did a poor job
- blamed for the loss of Normandy
- killed in 1st battle of St Albans

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8
Q

Richard, Duke of Warwick

A

Life = 1428-71
- known as ‘kingmaker’ as he was vital to accession of Edward IV to throne
- extremely wealthy
- captain of Calais
- leading advisor of Edward IV but resented his independence from his advice
- ultimately rebelled in 1469 and reinstated Henry VI as king in 1471
- died in battle of Barnet and Edward took back throne

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9
Q

Jack Cade

A
  • leader of Cade rebellion
  • also went by ‘John Mortimer’
  • died resisting arrest in 1450
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10
Q

Edward Westminster, Prince of Wales

A

Life = 1453-71
- son of Henry VI and Anjou
- married Anne Neville (Richard, Duke of Warwicks daughter) to cement alliance between Anjou and Warwick in 1470
- died at battle of Tewkesbury in 1471

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11
Q

Henry, 3rd Duke of Somerset

A

Life = 1436-64
- Edmund, Duke of Somersets son
- swore to get revenge for his fathers death
- made peace with Edward IV in 1462, but defected again in 1463
- died at battle of Hexam

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12
Q

William, Bishop of Salisbury

A

Life = 1395-1450
- royal councillor under Henry VI
- labelled as one of the evil councillors in Cade’s rebellion and killed when trying to flee

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13
Q

John, duke of Norfolk

A

Life = 1415-61
- supported the Yorkists
- most important role was in Battle of Towton when he arrived late with troops which may have won Edward the battle

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14
Q

Richard, Earl of Salisbury

A

Life = 1400-60
- long career serving Henry VI
- supported Henry in 1452 when York challenged the king but a feud with Percy family caused him to support York at 1st Battle of St Albans
- killed at Battle of Wakefield

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15
Q

Henry Percy 2nd, Earl of Northumberland

A

Life = 1394-1455
- his families feud with the Nevilles was instrumental in forcing them to favour York
- were the most powerful family in the North until the rebelled in early 1400’s making Nevilles most powerful
- killed at 1st battle of St Albans

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16
Q

Henry Percy 3rd, Earl of Northumberland

A

Life = 1421-61
- inherited title on his father’s death
- fought for the Lancastrians at Wakefield, 2nd battle of St Albans and Towton where he was killed

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17
Q

Lord Saye

A

Life = 1395-50
- supporter of Suffolk
- after murder of Suffolk, he was imprisoned and beheaded by Cade’s rebellion

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18
Q

Humphrey, Duke of Buckingham

A

Life = 1402-60
- wealth on 2nd to Richard, Duke of York
- tried to act as peacemaker in 1450’s while maintaining his allegiance to crown
- killed in battle of Northamton

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19
Q

John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury

A
  • became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1443 and was chancellor under Henry VI from 1432-50
  • resigned as chancellor shortly after impeaching of Suffolk began
  • met Cade’s rebels on Blackheath to negotiate
  • died 1452
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20
Q

Charles VII

A

Life = 1403-61
King of France = 1422-61
- uncle of Margaret of Anjou and father of Louis XI

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21
Q

Edward IV

A

Life = 1422-83
Reign = 1461-70 & 1471-83
- first Yorkist king
- tall, handsome, charismatic
- won fight for the throne begun by his father, Richard, Duke of York
- had support of Warwick in 1461 but lost the throne in 1470 when Warwick rebelled. 1471 he regained the crown and his second reign saw a return to peace
- he secretly married Elizabeth Woodville in 1464
- father of Edward V and Richard, Duke of York

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22
Q

Anne Beauchamp

A

Life = 1426-92
- wife of Richard Neville, Duke of Warwick and mother to Isabel and Anne Neville
- she was declared legally dead in 1473-75 so her estates could be divided between her sons in-law, George, Duke of Clarence and Richard, Duke of Gloucester

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23
Q

Edmund, 4th Duke of Somerset

A

Life = 1438-71
- opponent of Yorkist monarchy
- joined Anjou in exile
- last male of the Beaufort line

24
Q

Margaret Beaufort

A

Life = 1443-1509
- mother of Henry Tudor (Henry VII)
- she was a resilient politician whose guiding principle was the future of her son
- she was extremely pious
- wielded considerable power during the reign of her son, often acting as lieutenant

25
Q

George, Duke of Clarence

A

Life = 1449-78
- Edward IV brother
- important for his role in rebellion against Edward IV in 1470-71
- married Isabel Neville
- was executed by Edward in 1478

26
Q

John de Vere, Earl of Oxford

A

Life = 1443-1513
- played an important role in battle of Bosworth
- joined Warwick and Clarence at Barnet, in the fog his badge of honour was mistaken for Edward’s sun in splendour and his men attacked by their own side, contributing to Yorkist victory
- went into exile in 1485
- commanded the vanguard of Henry Tudors army at Bosworth and became a leading councillor in Henry’s reign

27
Q

William, Lord Hastings

A

Life = 1431-83
- a staunch Yorkist who served Richard, Duke of York and then Edward IV
- loyal to Edward V, leading to him being accused of treason and executed by Richard, Duke of Gloucester

28
Q

William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke

A

Life = 1423-69
- loyal Yorkist
- helped secure Wales
For Edward against Jasper Tudor, Duke of Exeter and Earl of Wiltshire
- executed by Warwick after battle of Edgecote in 1469

29
Q

Jacquetta of Luxembourg

A

Life = 1416-72
- mother of Elizabeth Woodville
- led to Edward finding positions for her other 10 children, causing resentment of Woodvilles
- accused of witchcraft when Henry VI was on throne in 1470, but charges dropped when Edward took throne in 1471

30
Q

Anne Neville

A

Life = 1456-85
- daughter of Richard, Duke of Warwick
- she was a political pawn in the marriage market
- first married Edward, Prince of Wales to solidify alliance between Anjou and Warwick
- then married Richard, Duke of Gloucester, likely because he wanted claim to vast Warwick inheritance
- died in 1485, rumours that Richard poisoned her to marry Elizabeth of York

31
Q

George Neville, Archbishop of York

A

Life = 1451-76
- chancellor in early years of Edward IV’s reign
- supported his brother Warwick in his rebellion

32
Q

Isobel Neville

A

Life = 1451-76
- daughter of Richard, Duke of Warwick
- married George, Duke of Clarence during her fathers rebellion

33
Q

John Neville, Marquis of Montagu

A

Life = 1431-71
- Brother to Warwick
- joined Warwick against Edward in 1470, perhaps only because Edward had restored the Earldom of Northumberland to Henry Percy
- died at battle of Barnet

34
Q

Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland

A

Life = 1446-89
- was imprisoned in 1461, but restored his title by Edward in 1469, possibly leading to defection of John Neville
- neutrality played an important role of Edwards 1471 invasion as it prevented Nevilles attacking Edward in Yorkshire
- resented Richard III power in north and men did not join him at Bosworth

35
Q

Edward V

A

Life = 1470-83
- one of the ‘princes in the tower’
- heir to throne, but was seized by Richard III on route to London and trapped in the Tower of London, later joined by his brother Richard
- assumed to be killed by Richard III but bodies were never found and no proof that Richard did it

36
Q

Richard, Duke of York

A

Life = 1473-83
- son of Edward IV
- one of the ‘princes in the tower’

37
Q

Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham

A

Life = 1455-83
- Richard III’s most trusted ally for a time
- some implicate him in the death of the princes in the tower
- led a rebellion against Richard in Sep-Oct 1483 and was executed by Richard after it failed

38
Q

Thomas, Lord Stanley

A

Life = 1433-1504
- was ally of Nevilles and through them the Yorkists in late 1450’s, but when Warwick rebelled he was torn so stayed mostly neutral
- his failure to engage his troops at Bosworth for Richard III could have affected outcome of battle
- after 1471 supported Edward IV but Richard, Duke of Gloucesters rise to power in the North created rivalry. May explain his failure to support Richard at Bosworth
- married Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry Tudor in 1472, and held her under house arrest after her participation in Buckingham rebellion
- was rewarded Earldom of Derby by Henry VII

39
Q

Jasper Tudor

A

Life = 1430-95
- loyal Lancastrian and supporter of his nephew Henry Tudor
- created Earl of Pembroke by Henry VI but lost it to William Herbert but had it reinstated in Henry’s redemption phase and again after Bosworth

40
Q

Anthony Woodville, Earl Rivers

A

Life = 1440-83
- brother of Elizabeth Woodville
- in charge of the household of future Edward V, arrested on way to London with future king and executed by Richard Duke of Gloucester in 1483

41
Q

Elizabeth Woodville

A

Life = 1437-92
- married Edward IV secretly in 1464
- this marriage contributed to the rebellion of Warwick
- mother of Edward V and Richard, the ‘princes in the tower’

42
Q

Richard Woodville, Earl Rivers

A

Life = 1405-1469
- father of Elizabeth Woodville
- helped suppress Cade rebellion in 1450

43
Q

Richard Woodville, Earl Rivers

A

Life = 1405-1469
- father of Elizabeth Woodville
- helped suppress Cade rebellion in 1450

44
Q

Elizabeth of York

A

Life = 1466-1503
- eldest daughter of Edward IV
- by marrying Henry VII she united two sides of the WoR’s

45
Q

Richard III

A

Life = 1452-85
Reign = 1483-85
- blamed for disappearance of the princes in the tower
- usurped throne from Edward V by claiming Edward IV’s children were illegitimate
- killed at Battle of Bosworth in 1485 by Henry Tudor

46
Q

Robert Brackenbury

A

Died = 1485
- constable of the tower in 1483 when Richard was believed to order death of his nephews
- may have hesitated the order, meaning duty passed to James Tyrell

47
Q

Sir William Catesby

A

Life = 1446-85
- one of Richard’s leading supporters
- received land after Buckinghams rebellion
- one of the councillors who spoke out about Richard marrying his niece Elizabeth of York
- executed after Battle of Bosworth

48
Q

John Howard, Duke of Norfolk

A

Life = 1420-85
- loyal supporter of Richard
- supported his usurpation in 1483
- his forces bore brunt of fighting against the Earl of Oxford at Bosworth where he died
- in 1461 fought at Towton and was rewarded by Edward IV and provided military service through 1460’s

49
Q

Francis, Viscount Lovell

A

Died = 1487
- perhaps Richards closest associate, made chamberlain of royal household
- did not reach Bosworth in time to fight
- fled abroad refusing to accept Henry VII as king and was leading figure in Lambert Simmel’s rebellion in 1487
- fought at battle of Stoke where he is suspected to have been killed

50
Q

Sir Richard Radcliffe

A

Died = 1485
- trusted royal councillor of Richard
- carried messages requesting arms support in 1483
- spoke out about marriage of Richard and Elizabeth of York
- killed at Battle of Bosworth

51
Q

Sir James Tyrell

A

Life = 1455-1502
- royal councillor of Richard
- rumoured to be responsible for death of princes in the tower, allegedly confessed in his trial in 1502
- rewarded with lands after Buckingham’s rebellion
- out of England at time of Bosworth
- transferred his services to Henry VII
- executed for conspiring with Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk

52
Q

Louis XI

A

Life = 1423-83
Reign = 1477-83
- involved in negotiations to marry Bonna of Savoy to Edward IV before he married Elizabeth
- hopes of marriage alliance with England set back again when Margaret of York married his rival, Charles of Burgundy
- supported Anjou and Warwick in 1470 and backed her invasion in 1471
- prevented a renewal of hostilities in 1475 by agreeing to pay a pension at Treaty of Picquigny

53
Q

Charles, Duke of Burgundy

A

Life =1433-77
- married Margaret of York, cementing Anglo-Burgundian alliance as opposed to an agreement with France which Warwick had been working towards
- contributing to Warwicks defection

54
Q

Charles VIII

A

Life = 1470-98
Reign = 1483-98
- supported Henry Tudors invasion of England, although the youthful Charles was dominated by his elder sister Anne until 1491

55
Q

Francois, Duke of Brittany

A

Life = 1435-88
- had Henry and Jasper Tudor under his protection after 1471
- their abortive invasion of England in 1483 was launched from Brittany
- Brittany then became hub of resistance to Richard and disaffected Yorkists
- during Dukes illness, he agreed to give up Tudor’s to Richard, but they were warned and escaped to France

Wars Of The Roses (1450-1499) (8 decks)

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