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Key points Flashcards

1
Q

Alkylating agents

A

Leukemia, Lymphoma

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2
Q

Arsenic

A

SCC: skin, lung, liver (angiosarcoma)

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3
Q

Nitrosamines

A

Stomach CA

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4
Q

Naphthylamine

A

Urothelial CA of bladder

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5
Q

VInyl Chloride

A

Angiosarcoma of liver

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6
Q

HTLV-1

A

Adult T cell leukemia, lymphoma

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7
Q

Ionizing (nuclear/reactor accidents and radiotherapy)

A

AML, CML, Papillary CA of thyroid

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8
Q

Nonionizing UVB

A

skin cancers

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9
Q

Growth factor Oncogene: PDGFB

A

Overexpression, autocrine loop

Astrocytoma

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10
Q

GFR - ERBB2

A

Her2/neu
Amplification
Breast CA

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11
Q

GFR - RET

A

Neural GFR
Point mutation
Men 2A/2B & sporadic medullary CA of thyroid

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12
Q

GFR - KIT

A

stem cell GFR
Point mutation
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

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13
Q

Signal Transducers: Ras gene family

A

GTP binding protein
Point mutation
CA, Melanoma, Lymphoma

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14
Q

Signal Transducers: ABL

A

tyrosine kinase
t(9,22) w/ BCR
CML (defines)

+ some ALL

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15
Q

Nuclear Regulators: c-myc

A

transcription factor
t(8,14) involving IgH
Burkitt lymphoma

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16
Q

Nuclear Regulators: N-myc

A

Transcription factor
Amplification
Neuroblastoma

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17
Q

Nuclear Regulators: L-myc

A

Transcription factor
Amplification
Small Cell Lung cancer

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18
Q

Cell cycle regulators: CCND1 (cyclin D1)

A

Cyclin
t(11, 14) involving IgH
Mantle Cell lymphoma

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19
Q

Cell cycle regulators: CDK4

A

Cyclin dependent kinase
Amplification
Melanoma

20
Q

P53 regulates

A

progression of cell cylte from G1 - S

21
Q

Rb regulates

A

progression from G1-S
holds E2F transciption factor - necessary for transition to S phase
E2f released when RB phosphorylated by CyclinD/CDK4

22
Q

Sporadic Rb mutation

A

unilateral retinoblastoma

23
Q

Germline Rb mutation

A

Familial Rb

bilateral retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

24
Q

Bcl2 overexpressed in

A

Follicular lymphoma

t(14,18)

25
Tumor cells downregulate MHC
1
26
Carcinoma spreads
lymphatically
27
Sarcomas spreads
hematogenously
28
Exceptions to CA spread
RCC - Renal Vein HCC - Hepatic Vein Follicular CA of thryoid Choriocarcinoma
29
Stain: Keratin
Epithelium
30
Stain: Vimentin
Mesenchyme (CT)
31
Stain: Desmin
Muscle
32
Stain: GFAP
Neuroglia
33
Stain: Neurofilament
Neurons
34
Thyroglobulin
Thyroid Follicular Cells
35
Chromogranin
Neuroendocrine Cells
36
S-100
Melanoma Schwannoma Langerhans Histocytosis
37
Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)
IgG Ab against platelet antigens Most common cause thrombocytopenia in children/adults Acute: children after viral infxn/immunization Chronic: adults, women of childbearing age
38
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
Platelets consumed in microthrombi RBC sheared Hemolytic anemia with schistocyes TTP/HUS
39
TTP
decreased ADAMTS13 | CNS abnromalities
40
HUS
drugs/infection Children E. Coli O157:H7 dysentery Verotoxin results in platelet microthrombi Renal insufficiency
41
Coagulation Factor Inhibition
Acquired Ab against coagulation factor - usually FVIII | PTT doesn't correct w/ mixing normal plasma w/ pt's plasma d/t inhibitor
42
vWF lab findings
``` Increased bleeding time Increased PTT Normal PT (decreased FVIII - vWF stabilizes FVIII) Abn ristocetin test TX: desmopressin ```
43
DIC lab findings
Decreased platelet count Increased PT/PTT Decreased fibrinogen
44
Virchow triad
Blood flow, endothelial cell damage, hypercoagulable state
45
Cystathionine Beta Synthase
Vessel thrombosis, mental retardation, lens dislocation, long slender fingers Increased homocysteine levels and homocytinurai

pathoma (12 decks)

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