Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

pathoma > Principles of Neoplasia > Flashcards

Principles of Neoplasia Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Tumors derived from what lineage?

A

Monoclonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neoplasia growth characteristics

A

Unregulated, irreversible, monoclonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clonality determined by:

A

G6PD or androgen receptor isoforms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clonailty of B lymphocytes determined from

A

Ig light chain
Kappa:Lambda = 3:1 ratio
Hyperplasia maintains ratio
Lymphoma: monoclonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which is monoclonal? Benign or malignant tumors?

A

BOTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Epithelium tumor prefix

A

adeno or papill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mesenchyme are what tissues and prefix

A

Lipo (fat)
Osteo (bone)
Chondro (cartilage)
Agio (blood vessel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Are there benign lymphcyte tumors?

A

NO- all are malignant and called lymphoma/leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Melanocyte

A

Nevus: benign
Melanoma: malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cancer begins as what?

How many divisions until earliest clinical symptoms arise?

A

A single mutated cell

30 divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Each double results in increased what?

A

Mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pap smear screens for?

A

Cervical dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mammography screens for?

A

In situ breast cancer (DCIS often calcifies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

PSA/DRE screens for?

A

Prostate carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hemoccult test and colonoscopy screen for?

A

Colonic adenoma (before it becomes carcinoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cancer formation initiated by?

A

DNA mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chemical agent: Alfatoxin

A

HCC

From aspergillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chemical agent: alkylating agent

A

Leukemia/lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chemical agent: alcohol

A

SCC of oropharyrnx & upper esophagus
Pancreatic carcinoma
HCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chemical agent: Arsenic

A

SCC of skin, lung

Angiosarcoma of liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Chemical agent: asbestos

A

Lung carcinoma

Mesothelioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What 3 chemicals will you find in cigarette smoke?

A

Arsenic
Naphthyalmine
*Polycyclic hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chemical agent: nitrosamines

A

Stomach cancer - smoked foods (Japan)

Intestinal vs diffuse type
Nitrosamine related to intestinal type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Chemical agent: napthylamine

A

Urothelial carcinoma of bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Chemical agent: cigarette smoke
Carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder
26
Chemical agent: vinyl chloride
Angiosarcoma of liver | PVC in pipes
27
Chemical agent: nickel, chromium, beryllium, silica
Lung carcinoma
28
Oncogenic viruses: EBV
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 1. Chinese male 2. African individual (region of Africa) Neck mass Burkitt lymphoma CNS lymphoma in AIDS
29
Oncogenic viruses: HHV-8
Kaposi Sarcoma Endothelial cells 1. Eastern European Males (older) - excise lesions 2. AIDS pts 3. Transplants - immunosuppressed
30
Oncogenic viruses: HBV/HC
HCC
31
Oncogenic viruses: HTLV-1
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
32
Oncogenic viruses: High risk HPV
SCC of vulva, vagina, anus, cevix Adenocarcinoma of cervix
33
Radiation: Ionizing (nuclear reactor accidents & radiotherapy)
AML, CML, papillary carcinoma of thyroid Hydroxyl free radicals generated and hit DNA causing damage
34
Oncogenic viruses: Nonionizing (UVB most common)
BCC, SCC, melanoma | Form pyrimidine dimers in DNA
35
Disrupted systems include
Proto-oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes Regulators of apoptosis
36
Proto-oncogenes essential for
cell growth and differentiation
37
Oncogene leads to
unregulated cell growth
38
4 categories of oncogenes
1. GF 2. GF receptors 3. Signal transducers 4. Cell cycle regulators
39
GF oncogene: PDGFB
Astrocytoma | Overexpression of PDGFB Growth factor - overgrowth of the cell/division
40
GF Receptor: ERBB2 (HER2/neu)
Breast carcinoma Amplification Epidermal GF receptor
41
GF Receptor: RET
MEN2A, 2B Sporadic medullary carcinoma of thyroid Point mutation Neural GF Receptor
42
GF Receptor: KIT
GI stromal tumor Point mutation Stem cell GF receptor
43
Signal transducers: RAS gene family
Carcinoma, melanoma, lymphoma Point mutation GTP biding protein (instead of inactive form of RAS-GDP)
44
Signal transducers: ABL
CML and some ALL t(9,22) with BCR Tyrosine Kinase
45
What defines CML?
t(9,22) (Philadelphia chromosome)
46
Ph+ ALL
t(9,22) ALL
47
Nuclear regulators: c-MYC
Burkitt Lymphoma (B cell) ``` t(8,14) involving IgH IgHeavy chain on 14 Translocation with Myc gene on 8 Myc sits on Heavy chain so it will get turned on "starry sky" appearance ``` Transcription factor
48
Nuclear regulators: n-MYC
Neuroblastoma Amplification
49
Nuclear regulators: l-MYC
Lung cell carcinoma (small cell)
50
Cell cycle regulators: CCND1 (cyclin D1)
Mantle cell lymphoma t(11, 14) involving IgH Cyclin G1-S phase cyclin D1 on chromosome 11
51
Cell cycle regulators:CDK4
Melanoma Amplification Cyclin-dependent kinase
52
p53 regulates what?
cell cycle: G1 to S phase p53 sees mutation: call in DNA repair enzymes OR too damaged and will call in BAX to destroy BCL2 - which stabilizes CYT C, so induces apoptosis
53
LI Fraumeni syndrome
one mutation in p53 inherited | increased risk for multiple types of carcinoma and sarcomas
54
Rb regulates
Progression from G1 to S Needs E2F to do this (normally bound by RF) and needs to be phosphorylated and then will release E2F Phosphoylated by Cyclin D/CDK4 complex Allows cell to go from G1 to S If mutation in Rb - forms tumor from released E2F
55
Sporadic mutation of Rb
unilateral retinoblastoma
56
Germline mutation of Rb
bilateral retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma
57
Bcl2 normally stablizes mito membrane preventing release of
Cytochrome C
58
What happens when cytochrome C is released from mito?
Activates apoptosis - releases caspases
59
Bcl 2 overexpressed in what?
Follicular lymphoma ``` t(14,18) Bcl 2 (18) to Ig heavy chain (14) results in increased Bcl2 ```
60
What is necessary for cell immortality?
Telomerase: upregulated in cancers
61
GF in angiogenesis for tumor growth and survival
FGF and VEGF Fibroblast GF Vascular endothelial GF
62
How do tumors cells avoid immune surveillance?
CD8" cells detect and destroy mutated cells by detecting the abnormal cells presented on MHC I Tumor cells downregulate MHC I
63
How does cancer spread occur?
Down regulation of E-Cadherin leading to dissociation of attached cells Cells attach to laminin and destroy BM (type 4 collagen) - via collagenase Cells attach to fibronectin in ECM and spread locally Either gain access to BV or lymphatics
64
What type of spread is characteristic of carcinomas?
Lymphatic spread Initial spread is to regional draining lymph nodes
65
What type of spread is characteristic of sarcomas (and some carcinomas)?
Hematogenous spread
66
What are the exceptions of carcinomas that spread hematogenously instead of thru the lymphatics
RCC HCC Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid Choriocarcinoma (placental tissue - trophoblasts)
67
RCC spreads into what vein?
Renal
68
HCC spreads into what vein?
Hepatic
69
How does ovarian carcinoma spread?
Seeding "omental caking"
70
Characteristics of benign tumors
Slow growing Well circumscribed Distinct Mobile
71
Characteristics of malignant tumors
Rapid growing Poorly circumscribed Infilitrative Fixed to surrounding tissue
72
Histologic features of benign tumors
``` Organized growth Uniform nuclei Low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio Minimal mitotic activity Lack of invasion No metastatic potential ```
73
Histologic features of malignant tumors
``` Disorganized growth Nuclear pleomorphism w/ hyperchromasia High nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio High mitotic activity Invasion ```
74
Absolute distinguishing feature between malignant and benign?
BENIGN NEVER METASTASIZE!
75
Intermediate filaments: keratin
epithelium
76
Intermediate filaments: vimentin
Mesenchyme
77
Intermediate filaments: Desmin
Muscle
78
Intermediate filaments: GFAP
neuroglia
79
Intermediate filaments: Neurofilament
Neurons
80
PSA
prostate epithelium
81
ER
breast epithelium
82
Thyroglobulin
Thyroid follicular cells
83
Chromogranin
Neuroendocrine cells | Carcinoid is best, small cell carcinoma worst
84
S-100
Melanoma
85
What's useful for screening, monitoring response to tx, monitoring recurrence?
Serum tumor markers - proteins released by tumor
86
Elevated levels of tumor serum marker requires what for dx of carcinoma?
Biopsy
87
#1 prognosis factor for cancer for staging?
Size and spread
88
Single most prognostic factor
Metastasis

pathoma (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions