Key Quiz Flashcards
Define Health
A complete state of physical, social and mental wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Define Health Status
An individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors
Define Human development
Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.
Define the Mental dimension of health
State if well-being in which an individual realises his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.
Define the Physical dimension of health
Relates to the efficient functioning of the body and its systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness
Define the Social dimension of health
Being able to interact with others and participate in the community in both an independent and cooperative way
Define sustainability
….meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
What are the measures of health status ?
- Burden of Disease
- HALE (health adjusted life expectancy)
- DALY (disability adjusted life years)
- Life Expectancy
- Under 5 mortality rate
- Mortality
- Morbidity
- Incidence
- Prevalence
Health status of Indigenous Australians compared to Non-Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians:
- Experience greater levels of mortality and morbidity
- M&F LE is approximately 16 years less than non-Indigenous
- Experience higher levels of type 2 diabetes, asthma, nutritional and metabolic disorders, infectious and parasitic disease, cancer and respiratory disease
- Experience poorer Maternal health
Determinant differences of Indigenous Australians compared to Non-indigenous Australians
Biological - higher insulin resistance, higher levels of high blood pressure, low birth weight, higher blood cholesterol.
Behavioural- more risk-taking behaviour, high alcohol consumption, high smoking rates, high domestic violence, poor diet.
Social- higher rates of unemployment, low SES, poor educational achievement, social exclusion, higher food insecurity.
Physical environment- poor housing, over-crowded, poor roads, reduced proximity to health services
Health status of Males compared to Females
Men have:
- Higher rates of cardiovascular disease
- Higher rates of mortality due to external causes
- Higher rates of suicide
- Lower Life Expectancy than Females
Determinant differences of Males compared to Females
Biological- males have larger body weight, females have lower bone density, testosterone- risky behaviour
Behavioural- M less likely to seek medical and emotional help, M more likely to take risks
Social- W more likely to utilise support to improve HS, W more likely to seek health knowledge
Physical Environment- M tend to have riskier work places, M tend to have riskier jobs, M tend to use more transport based work increasing chance of road accidents, M tend to work in areas of higher UV exposure.
Health status of Rural and Remote compared to Urban
Rural and Remotes experience:
- Lower LE
- Higher morbidity and mortality
- High rates of CVD
- Higher rates of communicable diseases
- Higher rates of maternal mortality
Determinant differences of Rural and Remote compared to Urban
RR have:
Biological- high blood cholesterol, high rates of obesity, low bith weight, and hypertension
Behavioural- low physical activity, high alcohol intake, high-risk behaviours, high rates of smoking
Social- lower rates of school completion, higher unemployment, higher social isolation
Physical environment- higher risk work, higher UV exposure, More vehicle accidents, higher impact of disasters such as fire and flood, poor roads
Health status of Low SES compared to High SES
lower SES have a higher risk of
- Lower health status
- Shorter Life Expectancy
- High morbidity and mortality
- Lower quality of life
- Higher hospitalization rates
- Higher rate of cancer
- Increased rates of suicide
Determinant differences of Low SES compared to High SES
Low SES people experience
Biological- Higher obesity rates, higher hypertension, higher glucose intolerance, lower birth weight
Behavioural- higher rates of smoking, obesity, Alcohol abuse. Poor physical activity, diet and poor access to health care
Social- higher levels of unemployment, lower education levels, less food security, social exclusion.
Physical environment- More exposure to fast food, poor quality housing, dangerous working environments, higher second-hand smoke.
What are the NHPA’s?
(A-DAD-COMIC) Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions Dementia Asthma Diabetes Mellitus Cancer control Obesity Mental health Injury prevention and control Cardiovascular health
Obesity NHPA (define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
- Obesity relates to carrying excess body weight in the form of far that can have negative impacts on health (BMI of 30 or higher)
- Obesity is a determinant for other health issues
- Obesity levels are rising
- Bi) Age, BMR, Hormones, Be) energy dense diet, S) SES, stress, food security
- Live Lighter, victorian government, aims to reduce impact of conditions related to obesity through good diet and exercise. Educational media, (tv&newspaper), web resources; top tips (diet), ‘Am I at Risk’ tool.
Cardiovascular Health NHPA ( define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
- CVH refers to health of the heart and blood vessels, disease to these include hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke.
- Atherosclerosis main cause for CVD, plaque build up on blood vessel walls.
- Cardiovascular disease is extremely costly (7.7 billion)
- Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in Australia
- Bi) weight, male, Be) smoking, lack exercise, S) low SES, occupation, stress, Pe) transport, recreational facilities
- Live Lighter, victorian government, aims to reduce impact of conditions related to obesity through good diet and exercise. Educational media, (tv&newspaper), web resources; top tips (diet), ‘Am I at Risk’ tool.
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions NHPA (define reason, determinant, health promotion program)
- Refers to conditions of the bones, muscles and other attachments such as ligaments, tendons, and joints
- Osteoporosis: where bone density deteriorates leaving bone weak
- More than 3 million Australians suffer from arthritis
- Almost 2 million Australians had some form of back pain in 2007-8
- Bi) body weight, Be) smoking, S) SES, Pe) transport
- Bone Health for Life, non-government, aims to provide practical advice for WOMEN and their health professionals relating to achieving and maintaining healthy bones. Web site, fact sheets on osteoporosis and treatment, written and audio resources on prevention. FS translated into 15 languages. Online quiz on osteoporosis and prevention.
Injury prevention and control (define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
- Injury relates to the adverse effects on the human body that may result from a range of different events
- Injury is the main cause of death for people <45
- Most Injuries are considered to be preventable
- Bi) Body weight, age, hormones, Be) alcohol/drug use, S) SES, social exclusion, Pe) Work, transport
- Elmo stays safe designed by the sesame workshop and kids safe aims to prevent child motor vehicle and pedestrian injuries and deaths in Australia. Features a free app that can be used by parents with their children and includes games and activities that teach children how to stay safe around and in vehicles.
Mental health NHPA (define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
MI is a broad term for a group of conditions where an individual may experience a chemical imbalance in their brain that can alter the way they perceive their world and cause distressing symptoms. Common MI’s are anxiety and mood disorders.
- Most common non-fatal BoD in Australia
- Prevention and treatment (medication) are very effective
- Bi) Genetic P, chemical imbalance, Be) alcohol/drug misuse, S) SES, stress, social exclusion, Pe) housing, crowded area, noise pollution
- Youth beyond blue, not-for-profit organization, aimed towards 12-25-year-olds to empower young people and their loved ones to respond to depression and anxiety. Raises awareness, reduces stigma and encourages seeking help. Website provides information on depression/anxiety, where to get help/services and personal stories, and tips for loved ones. Works with organizations such as schools and workplaces to promote messages. Uses advertising and media to promote key messages; look, listen, talk, seek help.
Cancer control NHPA (define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
Cancer is the general term for conditions involving the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that threaten to damage other parts of the body.
- most cancers are preventable with lifestyle changes
- largest contributor to over all burden of disease
- Bi) Age, weight, Be) Smoking, sun-protection, S) SES, stress, Pe) work environment, air quality/smoke
- Live Lighter, victorian government, aims to reduce impact of conditions related to obesity through good diet and exercise. Educational media, (tv&newspaper), web resources; top tips (diet), ‘Am I at Risk’ tool.
Diabetes mellitus NHPA (define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
- Chronic condition in which the sufferer is unable to utilize blood glucose correctly
- Diabetes is a leading contributor to the burden of disease
- Diabetes is a growing health problem in Australia
- Bi) weight, impaired glucose regulation, Be) smoke, accessive alcohol use, S) SES, occupation, Pe) work environment, access to recreational facilities
- Live Lighter, victorian government, aims to reduce impact of conditions related to obesity through good diet and exercise. Educational media, (tv&newspaper), web resources; top tips (diet), ‘Am I at Risk’ tool.
Asthma NHPA (define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
Asthma is characterized by inflammation of the airways in response to certain triggers
- The most commonly reported long-term condition of 0-14 year olds and is the leading contributor to BoD in this age group
- One of the most frequent reasons for hospitalization among children aged 0-9
- Bi) Genetics, weight, Be) Maternal smoking, S) SES, early life experiences, Pe) work environment, air quality
- The Sensitive choice program, National Asthma council Australia, aims to assist those with asthma and allergies make better lifestyle choices. Encourages manufacturers to supply products that are low irritant and low allergy. Provide customers with a way of identifying products/services beneficial to people with asthma by providing providers to display the Sensitive choice blue butterfly logo on their products
Dementia NHPA (define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
Dementia is a term used to describe many conditions that are characterized by progressive and irreversible loss of brain function.
- in 2010 dementia was the 3rd most common cause of death
- Dementia is the 4th largest contributor to BoD
- Bi) Age, genetics, Be) smoking, physical inactivity, S) level of education, social exclusion, Pe) environmental smoke, access to recreational facilities
- Your Brain Matters, Alzheimer’s Australia, Aims to raise awareness and works to reduce the risk of dementia. focuses on improving modifiable risk factors. Provides resources including 5 simple steps to maximize brain health, the brainy app and dementia related help sheets. App includes quiz that identifies you level of risk for developing dementia.
Risk nutrients
Cardiovascular health; Carbohydrates, Protein, Saturated and trans fats, sodium
Diabetes Mellitus: Carbohydrates, protein, saturated and trans fats
Colorectal cancer: Carbohydrates, protein, Saturated fats
Obesity: Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats
Osteoporosis: Protein, Sodium
Protective nutrients
Cardiovascular health: Fibre, Mono/polyunsaturated fats, water
Diabetes Mellitus: Fibre, Mono/polyunsaturated fats, Water
Colorectal cancer: Fibre, Water
Obesity: Fibre, Water
Osteoporosis: Calcium, Phosphorus, vitamin D
Biomedical model of health
referred to as the band-aid or quick fix approach, focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It involves trying to diagnose and treat illnesses and conditions once symptoms are present
Social model of health
An approach to health that attempts to address the broader influences on health (social, cultural, environmental and economic factors) rather than disease and injury itself
What are the principles of the social model of health?
- Addresses the broader determinants of health
- Involves intersectoral collaboration
- Acts to reduce social inequities
- Acts to enable access to health care
- Empowers individuals and communities
