Key slides Flashcards

Question

# Biology of cells key slides What are the 3 key RNA functions?

Answer 1

Store information Capacity for self-replication Enzymatic function

Answer 2

Chemical within a mixture has properties that make it become more abundant than other chemicals

Answer 3

1. RNA molecule mutates and gains enzymatic ability to attach nucleotides together and replicate faster 2. Another mutation produces enzymatic function to synthesise nucleotides and make it self-reliant

Answer 4

Less likely to suffer mutations Lets RNA get on with other functions as DNA takes over informational role

Answer 5

Ordovician Devonian Permian Triassic Cretaceous

Answer 6

When two species live in direct contact and aid the other

Answer 7

One organsism lives inside the other

Answer 8

Heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species from one generation to the next

Answer 9

Changes in a single gene in a population over time

Answer 10

Formation of new species or groups of species

Answer 11

Mutation arises in a population Some alleles encode proteins that enhances an individual's survival capability These individuals are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the gene pool of the next generation Over many generations the frequencies of different alleles change This alters the characteristics of the population

Answer 12

Genetic composition of an individual

Answer 13

Characteristics that are the results of gene expression

Answer 14

Most common allele in population Encodes for normally function protein in the correct amount

Answer 15

Alleles altered by mutation Tend to be rare in populations Tend to be defective in their ability to express a functional protein Occasionally results in a better protein than the wild type allele

Answer 16

G1 - First gap S - DNA synthesis G2 - Second gap M - Mitosis

Answer 17

Spirochete

Answer 18

Cells that should be rod shaped become cocci shaped

Answer 19

Binary fission

Answer 20

Lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS)

Answer 21

It is made up of lipopolysaccharides instead of the standard phospholipid molecules

Answer 22

Acts as a major barrier to the outside world Offers protection against antiseptics and antibiotics Acts as an endotoxin

Answer 23

When the cell lyses and dies

Answer 24

Mutations Genetic transfer between cells

Answer 25

Conjugation Transformation Transduction

Answer 26

Direct physical intereaction between cells Genetic material transfered from donor to recipient cells Usually in the form of a plasmid

Answer 27

DNA released by a dead bacterium into the environment Take up by another bacteria

Answer 28

Bacteial DNA transfered by bacteriophage virus

Answer 29

**Nucleic acid** (DNA or RNA) Surrounded in protein coat (**Capsid**)

Answer 30

Whole unit of nucleic acid and capsid in a virus

Answer 31

By their genome (DNA/RNA) By the host they infect By their structure

Answer 32

1. Attach to host cell 2. Entry 3. Integration into host DNA 4. Synthesis of viral components 5. Viral assembly 6. Release

Answer 33

Eukaryotes

Answer 34

Nucleotides

Answer 35

Complete complement of an organisms genetic material

Answer 36

Phosphate group Pentose sugar Nitrogenous base

Answer 37

Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

Answer 38

Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) *Or* Uracil (U)

Answer 39

Deoxyribose

Answer 40

DNA is a double helix, RNA is a single strand DNA has T instead of RNA's U DNA has deoxyribose instead of ribose

Answer 41

Pyrimidines

Answer 42

DNA polymerase

Answer 43

Translation

Answer 44

Site for RNA polymerase to bind Signals the beginning of transcription

Answer 45

Site for the binding of regulatory proteins Influences the rate of transcription

Answer 46

Contains the information that specifies an amino acid sequence

Answer 47

Region of DNA that signals the end of transciption

Answer 48

5' cap 3' tail

Answer 49

Capping Splicing Tailing

Answer 50

Removes introns

Answer 51

5' to 3' Parallel with mRNA

Answer 52

1. Registers lactose in environment 2. Bacterium produces more lactose permease and ß-galactosidase 3. Bacterium uses up lactose 4. Most proteins involved with lactose degraded

Answer 53

To make better use of cells energy supplies

Answer 54

Transcription

Answer 55

Transcription RNA processing Translation Post-translation

Answer 56

Genes almost always organised individually in eukaryotes Regulation more intricate in eukaryotes

Answer 57

2 or more different polypeptides can be derived from a single gene Increases the size of the proteome while minimising the size of the genome

Answer 58

Entire set of proteins expressed by a genome

Answer 59

Changes a normal codon to a stop codon Produces a truncated polypeptide

Answer 60

Add or deletes nucleotides that are not a multiple of 3 Completely different amino acid sequence downstream (after) mutation

Answer 61

Causes no change to polypeptide

Answer 62

One base swapped for another Can have varying effects

Answer 63

Changes one amino acid to one that normally wouldnt be coded

Answer 64

Cuased by UV radiation Two adjacent thymines form a double bond with each other rathen than the adenine on parellel strand

Answer 65

Cause a mutation when DNA strand is replicated as proper base pairing doesn't occur

Answer 66

Direct repair Nucleotide excision repair

Answer 67

Enzyme removes the modification

Answer 68

Altered DNA strand replaced with sythesised one

Answer 69

Metastasis

Answer 70

Mutated genes producing cell growth factors More active than usual

Answer 71

Have high levels of activity of cell growth signalling protein production Keep cell division signalling pathway in permanent "on" position

Answer 72

Intracellular signaling protein Promotes cell division when GTP is bound

Answer 73

Inside the cell

Answer 74

Between cells

Answer 75

Decrease ability of Ras to hydrolyse GTP or exchange GDP for GTP faster Either way keeps signalling pathway on

Answer 76

Proteins that check for mutations during cell cycle Stop the formation of complexes that make cells progress through the cell cycle if detects mutations

Answer 77

Cyclins Cyclin-dependant protein kinases (cdks)

Answer 78

G1 checkpoint protein Expression is induced when DNA is damaged Stops cell progressing through life cycle from G1 Cell can proceed if DNA is repaired

Answer 79

1. Isolate vector DNA 2. Insert gene of interest into vector 3. Introduce recombinant vector into host cell that doesn't already have any vectors 4. Host cell divides and produces many cells with recombinant vector

Answer 80

Molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species

Answer 81

Structural Functional

Answer 82

Where on the chromosomes are the genes?

Answer 83

Studies expression of genes

Answer 84

Polypeptides A and B

Answer 85

An organism that carries genes introduced using molecular techniques such as gene cloning

Answer 86

Cloned gene recombines with normal gene on a chromosome

Answer 87

Clone gene inserted is a mutation that innactivates function Homozygote will not have gene function

Answer 88

mRNA produced that may not have all the exons that the pre-mRNA had Can produce different polypeptides from the same DNA

Answer 89

Direct intercellular Contact dependant Autocrine Paracrine Endocrine

Answer 90

Occurs through gap junctions

Answer 91

Membrane bound signalling molecule interacts with membrane bound receptor

Answer 92

Diffuses locally Affetcs cells that make it + others of that type

Answer 93

Diffuses locally Affects nearby cells Includes synaptic signalling via neurotransmitters

Answer 94

Uses hormones Travel the whole body via the blood

Answer 95

Can diffuse through the lipid bilayer Encounters its receptor in the cytoplasm

Answer 96

Can't diffuse across the cell plasma membrane Receptor is embeded in membrane Causes change to receptor part inside cell

Answer 97

Signal binds to ion channel protein Ion channel protein changes shape and opens Ions pass down concentration gradient Some are chemically gated as they respond to chemical signal

Answer 98

7 transmembrane spanning proteins Signals transmitted via elaborate relay cascade Target proteins for them are ion channel proteins and membrane bound enzymes

Answer 99

The same signal can have different effects in different cells

Answer 100

Receptor may or may not be expressed May be more than one type of receptor Different affinity of receptors amongst cells Molecules in signalling cascades expressed differently Proteins controlled by signalling pathways may be different

Answer 101

One molecule binds with a receptor Activate multiple molecules These in turn activate many molecules each Continues and builds

Answer 102

Seal tissues

Answer 103

Tight junctions Anchoring junctions Gap junctions

Answer 104

Anchors cells to each other and extracellular matrix

Answer 105

Allows communication between cells

Answer 106

Network of material secreted from cells Forms complex meshwork outside cells

Key slides Flashcards

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