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Psychology Component 2 > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Aim

A

A general statement about the purpose of the research

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

A precise statement about the expected outcome of the investigation

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3
Q

Null hypothesis

A

A statement stating that no difference will be found between variables in the research

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4
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

A hypothesis which is specific in stating what the effect will be between variables

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5
Q

Non directional hypothesis

A

A hypothesis which states that there will be an effect however is does not state exactly what the effect will be

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6
Q

Independent variable

A

Something that the experimenter manipulates

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7
Q

Dependent variable

A

A variable that is affected by the changes in the independent variable

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8
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Variables that can affect all participants in the sample equally

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9
Q

Confounding variables

A

Variables that might affect some participants behaviour but not all

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10
Q

Participants/ situational/ experimenter variables

A

A form of extraneous variables

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11
Q

Bias

A

Some form of distortion so that we do not get a clear reflection of the attitude or behaviour being studied

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12
Q

Representative

A

A group that is a true reflection of that overall population

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13
Q

Standardised procedure

A

Ensuring all steps and instructions of the research are kept exactly the same for all participants

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14
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Balancing out order effects

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15
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Anything the experimenter does or any piece of equipment where the participants could end up discovering the purpose of the research

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16
Q

Double blind

A

The participant nor the experimenter know what condition they are in

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17
Q

Single blind

A

The participant is unaware of which condition they are in

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18
Q

Inter rater reliability

A

Two separate experiments complete and document the same research and check they have the same results

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19
Q

Order effects

A

Any differences in results due to the order that the experimental tasks are presented in

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20
Q

Independent measures design

A

One group does task A another group does task B

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21
Q

Repeated measures design

A

The whole group does one task and then does the other task

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22
Q

Matched pairs design

A

The independent groups are prior matches based on similar characteristics

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23
Q

Target population

A

The whole group with which the study is concerned

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24
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Every nth person on a list is selected to take part in the study

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25
Random sampling
Participants all have the same chance of being selected
26
Opportunity sampling
Individuals that are available to the researcher at the time
27
Volunteer sampling
Individuals that put themselves forward to participate
28
Stratified sampling
Population is divided into sub groups. Sample is representative of these groups
29
Informed consent
Participants must fully understand and agree to participate
30
Deception
Lying or hiding the true purpose of the research
31
Right to withdraw
Participants can stop or leave the study at any time and their data
32
Confidentiality
Participants personal details aren’t shared
33
Protection from harm
Participants have the right to be protected from any type of harm throughout the study
34
Debrief
After the research participants should be told the true aims
35
Lab experiment
Controlled artificial settings Standardised procedure Extraneous variables controlled
36
Field experiment
Takes place in a natural environment Manipulates variables
37
Quasi experiments
IV is not controlled as it is naturally occurring
38
Time sampling
Recording your behaviour at set time intervals
39
Event sampling
Recording the behaviour when it happens
40
Cross sectional study
Data is collected at one point in time
41
Longitudinal study
Data collected repeatedly over time
42
Questionnaires
Non-experimental, self report method
43
Open questions
Give the participant the freedom to say what they want, no fixed answer
44
Closed questions
Provides a fixed set of responses
45
Quantitative data
Numerical
46
Qualitative
Non- numerical (description)
47
Interviews
Researcher ask questions in real time
48
Correlation
A relationship between two variables
49
Reliability
The test produces CONSISTENT results
50
Internal reliability
Test is CONSISTENT in itself
51
External reliability
CONSISTENT over time
52
Internal validity
Things are ACCURATE inside the study. Effected by lack of mundane realism and confounding variables
53
(External) temporal validity
The findings from a study can be generalised to other historical times
54
(External) population validity
The findings can be generalised to other populations of people
55
(External) ecological validity
The findings can be generalised beyond the present situation to other settings
56
(Content analysis) coding
Quantitative data Information categorised and places in meaningful units
57
(Content analysis) thematic analysis
Qualitative data An idea that keeps coming up in your study
58
Face validity
Whether the test appears to measure what it claims to do is objective
59
Predictive validity
A test accurately forecasts a future outcome
60
Concurrent validity
Validating a measurement by comparing it with an established measurement that has known validity
61
Primary data
Information collected or observed first hand by the researcher
62
Secondary data
Information used in a study that was collected by someone else
63
Nominal data
Data classified in categories
64
Ordinal data
Rank to the data and has no equal intervals
65
Interval data
Equal units and precisely defined with no true zero like temperature
66
Ratio data
Equal units and has a true zero
67
Measures of dispersion
How spread out data items are. Range, standard deviation
68
Measures of central tendency
Central values for a set of data Mean, median and mode
69
Bar chart/ pie chart
Use for nominal data And distinct categories Frequencies of non-continuous data
70
Histograms
No categories data is ratio or interval Set in specific order
71
Line graph
Used when showing a change over time Drawn with a straight line Key is needed is there are 2 categories
72
Scatter diagram
Correlation research between 2 or more co variables
73
PET scans
Shows brain activity Radioactive 2-DG is injected into the carotid artery and taken up by cells and accumulates in active neurons
74
Structural MRI
High resolution images are made from waves of hydrogen atoms whi CG are activated by magnetic field. They can show structural abnormalities
75
Functional MRI
An increase in oxygen flow in the blood to active areas of the brain is showed It provides both structural and functional information on the same image
76
Inferential statistics table
I(ndependent)R(epeated)C(orrelation) N(ominal). C(hi-squared)S(ign test) O(rdinal) M(annwhitney)W(ilcox)S(pearmmans)
77
Social psychology
Scientific study of how peoples thought, feelings and beliefs are constructed within a social context

Psychology Component 2 (4 decks)

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