Key Terms Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
Manufactured board
A
A man made, wood based composite material
2
Q
Stock form
A
The set of standard sizes in which materials are available, as well as the format
3
Q
Physical properties
A
Associated with the actual make up or structure of the material
4
Q
Compressive strength
A
The ability to withstand being crushed or shortened by pushing forces
5
Q
Tensile strength
A
The ability to resist stretching or pulling forces
6
Q
Hardness
A
The ability to resist abrasive wear such as scratching, surface indentation or cutting
7
Q
Toughness
A
The ability to absorb impact without fracture
8
Q
Composite
A
A material comprised of two or more different materials, resulting in a material with enhanced properties
9
Q
Smart material
A
A material whose physical properties change in response to an input or change in the environment
10
Q
Modern material
A
A material developed through the invention of new or improved processes
11
Q
Ferrous metal
A
Metal containing mostly iron and carbon
12
Q
Non-ferrous metal
A
Metal not containing iron
13
Q
Alloy
A
A metal made of two or more metals, or combining two or more elements, one of which must be metal
14
Q
Thermoplastic
A
Material that can be repeatedly reheated and reshaped
15
Q
Thermosetting polymer
A
A material which when heated undergoes a chemical change whereby the molecules form rigid crosslinks. Cannot be reheated or reshaped
16
Q
Elastomer
A
Materials which at room temperature can be deformed under pressure
17
Q
Air seasoning
A
Traditional inexpensive method involving stacking wood under a shelter. Air circulates between planks to slowly remove excess moisture
18
Q
Kiln seasoning
A
More expensive but controlled method. Quick, takes a few weeks. Planks stacked on trolleys and placed in a kiln where both temp and humidity are controlled
19
Q
Rough sawn
A
Wood comes directly from seasoning and has rough surfaces produced from initial conversion. Nominal sizes not accurate finishes
20
Q
PSE
A
Planed square edge. One square edge, rest is rough. PSE 3mm smaller than rough edge
21
Q
PAR
A
Planed all around. All sides and edges, square, straight and level. Smooth finish and ready to use
22
Q
Safe working temperature (polymers)
A
The temperature deemed safe for processing without possible degradation of the polymer properties
23
Q
Work hardening
A
Improved tensile strength and hardness in the localised area when a metal is cold worked
24
Q
Annealing
A
Heating work hardened metal and very slowly cooling it, making it easier to work by making it less brittle and more ductile
25
Case hardening
A process for hardening the surface of steels with less than 0.4% carbon content
26
Carburising
Changes the chemical composition of the surface of low carbon steel so it absorbs more carbon and increases surface hardness
27
Quenching
Rapid cooling of a heat-treated metal
28
Hardening and tempering
Heating medium or high carbon steels to a given temperature, rapidly cooling via quenching and then heating to a set temp to remove excess hardness
29
Tempering colour
The colour seen on metal that indicates the temperature at which brittleness is removed
30
Critical point
The temperature at which the atoms of carbon and steel mix freely before bonding together to become a solid
31
Die cutter
A machine using a hydraulic press and a plywood substrate with cutting dies and creasing rules to cut a net from paper, card or polymer film
32
Forming
Shaping stock form material through processes such as bending, rolling, press forming and steam bending
33
Redistribution
Shaping materials by melting them and reforming them in a mould that resembles a finished product or component
34
Wastage
Shaping stock material by machining it using processes such as milling, turning and routing
35
Addition
Shaping materials by adding additional pieces to them, either by using the same or different material
36
Adhesive
A substance used to stick materials together
37
Substrate
The material on to which the print ink is applied, such as paper or boards
38
Embossing
The process of creating raised images or text on paper or card by placing the paper in between two dies under pressure
39
Debossing
Produces an imprinted depression that sits below the surface of the paper or card
40
Screen printing
A printing process in which ink is forced onto the surface of a material through a mesh screen to create a picture or a pattern
41
Electroplating
Using a metal to coat (usually a cheaper) base metal
42
Powder coating
Thermoset polymer powder is positively charged and attracted to the negatively charged product. it is then baked to melt the powder and give an even coating
43
Anodising
Commonly used for aluminium to enhance the natural oxide layer, resulting in increased hardness and toughness
44
Scale of production
The consideration of the number of products to be made, using particular manufacturing methods to suit a particular market
45
Batch production
The manufacture of groups of products to increase efficiency and economy
46
Division of labour
The efficient organisation of a workforce so that individuals specialise in particular manufacturing tasks
47
Line production
The manufacture of large numbers of products in factories set up so that processes can be efficiently carried out by workers and/or teams organised in a specific sequence
48
Mass production
The manufacture of large numbers of products in factories that are usually highly mechanised
49
UPS
Unit Production Systems
- the use of overhead transporters for component transfer between workers to improve factory efficiency
50
QRM
Quick Response Manufacturing
- the use of mainly computer based technology to facilitate efficient, competitive production of low volume, customised products
51
Vertical integration/vertical in-house production
The organisation of manufacture to reduce dependence of externally sourced parts and sub-assemblies
52
JiT production
Just in Time production
- the manufacture of products as needed, is response to existing orders
53
Bespoke/one off production
The design and manufacture of products to individual specifications
54
FMS
Flexible Manufacturing Systems
- Production using work cells of CNC machines and robots that can be used to make a wide range of different products
- Typically one-off bespoke items or in small batches
55
Modular/cell production
The use of groups of CNC machines, robots and AGV's to facilitate efficient, flexible manufacturing
56
AGV
Automated Guided Vehicle
- Robots used to carry materials and finished goods around a factory
57
Standardised components
Parts such as screws and lightbulbs that are made to a common standard to ensure interchangeability
58
Brought-in components
Product parts that are sourced from external suppliers rather than being manufactured in house
59
Sub-assembly
A self contained element of a product that is made separately and incorporated in the final assembly stages
60
CAD
Computer Aided Design
- Using computers to draw in 2D or 3D and develop products
61
CAM
Computer Aided Manufacture
- Using computer controlled equipment to machine materials
62
CNC
Computer Numerical Control
- Using a program to convert CAD drawings to drive CAM equipment
63
CFD
Computer Fluid Dynamics
- Using software to virtually test products in liquid or gasses
64
FEA
Finite Element Analysis
- Using software to test components and products to identify potential stress or weak points
65
EPOS
Electronic Point Of Sale
- Shop tills or similar that use bar codes or computer entry to transmit customer orders to suppliers and manufactures
66
MPS
Master Production Schedule
- A plan used to determine how many products will be made in a given time period
67
Kanban
A system used to control the movement of materials and components from suppliers and through a factory
68
RFID
Radio Frequency Identification tags
- Small electronic devices that can be scanned and used to track items as they move through a factory into dispatch
69
Ergonomics
The scientific study of people and their working conditions
70
Aesthetics
The features of a product that make it visually appealing
71
Anthropometrics
The use of scientific measurements of the human body in the design and construction of products
72
Task analysis
The study of individual tasks performed by consumers to allow for a successful product development
73
UCD
User-centred Design
- The use of the end user throughout the design process, to ensure the developed product is focused on their actual needs and not the perceived needs determined by the designer.
74
Inclusive design
The concept of designing products that will allow the maximum number of possible users to successfully use the product without discomfort
75
Empathic design
The process of simulating conditions experienced by potential users of products, to assist with the development of successful products
76
Intellectual property
- IP
- A novel, physical creation that is entitled to protection for its originator in the form of copyright, design rights, patent, registered design or trademark
77
Intellectual property rights
- IPR
- The legal protection of IP
78
Copyright
Unregistered rights that protect original works such as books, photographs and plays
79
Unregistered design rights
Rights that give automatic protection to prevent copying the appearance of a product
80
Patent
Legal protection for inventions relating to the way in which the products function
81
IPO
- Intellectual Property Office
- The official UK government body responsible for IP
82
Registered design
A product whose appearance or decoration has been legally protected to counter copying
83
Logo
A graphical symbol that often serves as an important element of a trademarked brand identity
84
Trademark
A unique combination of words, sounds, colours and logos used for marketing, and the legal protection of brand identity
85
Open design
A design that has not been protected by IPR, so that it can be freely used and developed by others
86
COSHH
Control Of Substances Hazardous to Health regulations 2002
87
Risk
The likelihood or chance that someone may be harmed as a result of being exposed to a hazard
88
Health and Safety at Work Act (HSWA) 1974
The main piece of legislation for British health and safety law
89
Hazard
Anything that could cause someone harm
90
Safety precaution
Any action carried out in advance that protects against a possible danger or injury
91
Risk assessment
Consideration of what might cause harm to people, and if reasonable steps are being taken to prevent that harm
92
Six Rs of sustainability
The key points that need to be considered in order to make products sustainable
93
Sustainability
The management of resources to minimise depletion and pollution
94
Recycle
Recovering the parts and materials from unwanted products to be used again
95
Disassembly
Taking apart products for maintenance or to reclaim parts and materials
96
Reduce
Minimising wastage and excess materials or packaging
97
Refuse
Avoiding unsustainable materials or products
98
Repair
Designing products so that they ca be put back into working order if something breaks or goes wrong
99
Rethink
Considering the adoption f more sustainable alternatives
100
Reuse
Making it possible to use products or parts again
101
Upcycling
Creative reuse of unwanted products and materials to manufacture higher value items
102
Lean manufacturing
The concept of reducing waste in manufacture. This can be waste in time or materials or idle machines
103
Buffer zone
An area adjacent to a point on a production line for the temporary storage of partially completed products
104
Cycle time
The amount of time it takes for a manufacturing process to be completed
105
Takt time
A German word meaning 'beat or rhythm'. Used in lean manufacturing to describe the maximum amount of time in which a product must be produced to meet consumer demand
106
Prototype
A functioning or non-functioning pre-production model that can be used to evaluate with potential consumers
107
Brand identity
The use of logos, colours, typeset/letter fonts, and slogans to promote customer loyalty to a product
108
Viral marketing
The process of passing a marketing message from one person to any others using social media
109
Product life cycle
The stages of a product from introduction, growth and maturity to decline
110
Designer-maker
Someone who both designs and makes the products
111
Entrepreneur
A person with initiative who invests capital in a project or area
112
Orthographic projection
A technique used to draw the front, plan and end elevation of an object
113
Sectional drawings
A technique used to draw the hidden details and internal features of a object
114
Isometric
A 3D drawing technique using 30 degree lines, typically used in sketching ideas
115
Crating
Using a 3D box and constructing drawings inside them, parallel to the outer lines of the box
116
Perspective drawings
3D drawings that use one or two vanishing points. Often used for design ideas or presentation drawings
117
Iterative
Describes the process of repeatedly going through the circular design process. An iteration would be one cycle of the process
118
UCD
User Centred Design
Developing products with the end user fully in mind, such products are easy to use
119
Primary investigation
Research carried out first hand (not using the internet or books)
120
Secondary investigation
Research information that is gathered from books and the internet
121
Arts and Crafts movement
A nineteenth-century design movement that rebelled against the use of machines in design
122
Bauhaus
An early-twentieth century German design school started by Walter Gropius
123
Form follows function
The aesthetic appearance of a product is dictated by the way it works
124
Memphis design
A late-twentieth-century design group who challenged modernist design views
125
Streamlining
The development of products using flowing curves and chrome detailing inspired by the increased study into aerodynamics in the early twentieth century
126
Socio-economics
How society and the economy interact to create particular circumstances
127
Council of Industrial Design (COID)
A post WW2 British organisation set up to improve design standards and competitiveness
128
Microelectronics
Miniature electronic devices and systems facilitated by the development of the IC
129
Sustainable
Something that has the minimum possible impact on the environment
130
SCAMPER
A technique of modifying existing designs to create new ideas
131
Standards
Legislative requirements for a range of processes and products
132
Accredited
Having the qualifications necessary to carry out a function such as awarding certification for conformity
133
Demographic group
A specific category of the population
134
Conformity
Reaching appropriate standards to obtain certification
135
Product recall
Taking products off the market and asking consumers to return them, due to faults that must be rectified, usually for safety reasons
136
Objective (third party) views
Opinions that are independent of any influence from interested parties
137
Safe working practices
Methods and guidelines that an employer will use to ensure the safety of employees, visitors and others within the work place
138
Datum
A surface or edge used as a reference from which measurements are taken to improve accuracy
139
Jig
A device used to control the motion of a tool such as a drill relative to a work piece
140
Fixture
A robust frame with holding points and clamps to hold product components firmly in place for a manufacturing process
141
Template
A rigid shape or pattern, used to transfer a design onto a workpiece to ensure consistency
142
Carbon footprint
The total amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of an individual, a community or an organisation
143
Primary carbon footprint
Measures direct emissions of CO2 from burning fossil fuels, including transport and domestic energy consumption
144
Secondary carbon footprint
Measures indirect CO2 from the products we use
145
Circular economy
An approach that anticipates and designs for biological and technical 'nutrients' to be continuously reused at the same quality, dramatically reducing the dependency on sourcing new materials
146
Quality assurance
the procedures and policies put in place to reduce waste and ensure manufactured products are produced accurately within set tolerances
147
Scrum
A project management method, which focuses on the organisation of workplace teams to reduce the lead time of projects
148
Total quality management (TQM)
A project management system focusing on QA through the full involvement of the workforce in continual improvement
149
Critical path analysis CPA
A project management method used to analyse all individual stages within a project and plan the effective and time efficient completion of each element within the desired schedule
150
Quality control
The monitoring, checking and testing of materials, components, equipment and products throughout production to ensure they conform to acceptable tolerances
151
BSI
A national organisation formed to devise agreed standard procedures for forming a wide range of tasks
152
ISO
A federation of national standards institutions that devise international standards to improve safety, productivity and reliability
153
Restriction of Hazardous Substances RoHS
A directive aimed at preventing hazardous substances from entering the production process in order to prevent damage to human health and the environment
154
Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment
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WEEE
A mandatory European directive that covers the end of life of electric and electronic equipment
155
FSC Forestry Stewardship Council
A council that manages a certification system to identify and label timber and timber-based products from sustainable sources
