Key Terms and Concepts from Lecture Flashcards
(52 cards)
Intersectionality
race, class, gender
most of us are privileged in some categories and marginalized in others
Sex
biological features that distinguish female and male
intersex = exception
Gender
social overlay of sex differences
more visible than sex
Gender Identity
Internal
Gender expression
external – how we present ourselves
Biosocial perspective
evidence – prenatal hormones influence gender identity and gendered behaviors via brain development
interaction between “nature” and “nurture”
parents interact differently with male and female infants
Social constructivist persepctive
see gender as a “social construct”
– people believe in gender and act in accordance with those beliefs
Gender socialization
learn gender norms at a very young age
parents: behaviors that are encouraged/discouraged, gender-appropriate behaviors/dress
peers: social sanctions for “deviant” practices
media/popular culture: toys, movies, TV, books
The second shift
labor performed at home
typically by women
in addition to paid work performed in the formal sector
Time availability
More hours = less time to do housework
Relative resources
Who makes more $$ = less household chores
Doing gender
gender difference is maintained via interaction
something we perform rather than what we are (housework)
Egalitarian ideal
Equality and equal treatment
Paid work factors and unpaid work factors that keep couples from enacting their egalitarian ideals
– gender wage gap, occupational segregation, motherhood penalty, fatherhood premium, gendered division of labor (unpaid work factors)
Self-reliant
Women can take of themselves
Neo-traditional
Men prioritize their career despite the woman working
Gender wage gap
Narrowed but remains substantial
occupational segregation and discrimination contribute to this
Occupational segregation
men and women go into different jobs
women have gone into male-dominated fields but rare for men to do the same
men’s jobs pay more
primary driver of wage gap
Motherhood penalty
Example of discrimination
mothers make less than comparable non-mothers
reduced human capital
– working part-time
lower work effort
– less productive because devote more energy to kids
discrimination
– employers assume others are less committed
Fatherhood premium
Fathers make more than comparable non-fathers
Cognitive labor
mental labor
anticipate, identify, decide, monitor
focus on time and activity leads to underestimates of gender gaps in unpaid work
interruptions and multi-tasking
Race
visible features, phenotype
racial categorization depends on where societies draw “boundary” lines
definition has changed over time
Ethnicity
refers to common cultural identification – language, religion, traditions
Endogamy
marriage and reproduction within the same group
key to maintaining racial boundaries over time
correlated with inequalities among families
majority-minority
majority – white
minority – Black, Latino, Asian families
