Key Terms Ch 3

Question 1

Emotional disagreement directed toward other people

Answer 1

Affective Conflict

Question 2

A less-than-perfect form of rationality in which decision makers cannot be perfectly rational because decisions are complex and complete information is unavailable or cannot be fully processed

Answer 2

Bounded Rationality

Question 3

A process in which group members generate as many ideas about a problem as they can; criticism is withheld until all ideas have been proposed

Answer 3

Brainstorming

Question 4

The state that exists when decision makers have accurate and comprehensive information

Answer 4

Certainty

Question 5

Model of organizational decision making in which groups with differing preferences use power and negotiation to influence decisions

Answer 5

Coalitional Model

Question 6

Issue-based differences in perspectives or judgments

Answer 6

Cognitive Conflict

Question 7

Opposing pressures from different sources, occurring on the level of psychological conflict or of conflict between individuals or groups

Answer 7

Conflict

Question 8

Alternative courses of action that can be implemented based on how the future unfolds

Answer 8

Contingency Plans

Question 9

New, creative solutions designed specifically for the problem

Answer 9

Custom-made solutions

Question 10

A person who has the job of criticizing ideas to ensure that their downsides are fully explored

Answer 10

Devil’s Advocate

Question 11

A structured debate comparing two conflicting courses of action

Answer 11

Dialectic

Question 12

A bias weighting short-term costs more heavily than longer-term costs and benefits

Answer 12

Discounting the Future

Question 13

A decision bias influenced by the way in which a problem or decision alternative is phrased or presented

Answer 13

Framing Effects

Question 14

Model of organizational decision making depicting a chaotic process and seemingly random decisions

Answer 14

Garbage Can Model

Question 15

A condition that occurs when a decision-making group loses sight of its original goal and a new, less important goal emerges

Answer 15

Goal Displacement

Question 16

A phenomenon that occurs in decision making when group members avoid disagreement as they strive for consensus

Answer 16

Groupthink

Question 17

People’s belief that they can influence events, even when they have no control over what will happen

Answer 17

Illusion of Control

Question 18

Model of organizational decision making in which major solutions arise through a series of smaller decisions

Answer 18

Incremental Model

Question 19

A decision realizing the best possible outcome

Answer 19

Maximizing

Question 20

New, novel, complex decisions having no proven answers

Answer 20

Nonprogrammed Decisions

Question 21

Achieving the best possible balance among several goals

Answer 21

Optimizing

Question 22

Decisions encountered and made before, having objectively correct answers, and solvable by using simple rules, policies, or numerical computations

Answer 22

Programmed Decisions

Question 23

Ideas that have been seen or tried before

Answer 23

Ready-Made Solutions

Question 24

The state that exists when the probability of success is less than 100 percent and losses may occur

Answer 24

Risk

Question 25

Choosing an option that is acceptable, although not necessarily the best or perfect

Answer 25

Satisficing

Question 26

The state that exists when decision makers have insufficient information

Answer 26

Uncertainty

Question 27

A process in which a decision maker carefully executes all stages of decision making

Answer 27

Vigilance