key words

Question 1

saltation

Answer 1

smaller sediment bounces along the sea bed, being pushed by currents. The sediment is too heavy to be picked up by the flow of the water

Question 2

sediment cell

Answer 2

sections of the coast border by prominent headlands. Within these sections, the movement of sediment is almost contained and the flows of sediment should act in dynamic equilibrium

Question 3

Sediment budget

Answer 3

use of data of inputs, outputs, stores and transfers to assess the gains and losses of sediment within a sediment cell

Question 4

SMP

Answer 4

identifies all the activities, both natural and human which occur within the coastline area of each sediment cell and then recommends a combination of four actions for each stretch of that coastline

Question 5

what four actions taken by SMP

Answer 5

hold the line, advance the line, managed retreat, no intervention

Question 6

subaerial processes

Answer 6

the combination of mass movement and weathering that affects the coastal land above sea

Question 7

submergent coast

Answer 7

a coast that is sinking relative to the sea level of the time

Question 8

till

Answer 8

deposits of angular rock fragments in a fine medium

Question 9

wave quarrying

Answer 9

when air is trapped and compressed against a cliff which causes rock fragments to break off the cliff over time

Question 10

coast

Answer 10

locations where the land meets the sea

Question 11

inputs

Answer 11

energy or matter that enters the system

Question 12

outputs

Answer 12

energy or matter that leaves the system

Question 13

flows/transfers

Answer 13

movement of energy or matter within the system

Question 14

stores/components

Answer 14

when energy or matter remains within the system for a period of time

Question 15

negative feedback

Answer 15

when a consequence is nullifed

Question 16

positive feedback

Answer 16

when a consequence is amplified

Question 17

example of negative feedback at the coast - CAMBER SANDS

Answer 17

tourists leads to trampling of sand dunes and damage of marram grass which lead to aeolian erosion resulting in blow outs - if left alone marram grass can release seed that will recolonies the damaged section and lower wind speeds - return the dune to normal state

Question 18

how many tourists per week does camber sands experience in peak summer?

Answer 18

25,000

Question 19

example of positive feedback at the coast - CAMBER SANDS

Answer 19

dominated by marram grass - in the foredune it grows vertically which lowers the wind speeds and then reudced the wind to transport sand through saltation - leads to the depositon of sand which raises the height the substrate that the marram grass is growing in. It will continue to grow taller and lower wind speeds.

Question 20

how much coastline in camber sands?

Answer 20

1500m

Question 21

what kind of marram grass is dominated in camber sands?

Answer 21

Ammophila arenaria

Question 22

dynamic equilibrium

Answer 22

where negative feedback loops create stability in the system

Question 23

cause of wind energy

Answer 23

unequal levels of heating across the earth’s surface leads to areas of high and low air pressure. Air will move in to balance out the unequal pressure. = Forms convection currents that lead to surface winds

Question 24

cause of wave energy

Answer 24

friction of wind blowing across water and transferring energy

Question 25

wave height

Answer 25

vertical distance between the highest and lowest point of a wave

Question 26

wave crest

Answer 26

highest point of a wave

Question 27

wave trough

Answer 27

lowest point of the wave

Question 28

wavelength

Answer 28

distance between two wave crests

Question 29

wave fetch

Answer 29

distance of open water that the wind blow across

Question 30

two additional factors that cause large waves

Answer 30

strenght of the wind and the duration the wind has been blowing for

Question 31

constructive waves characteristics

Answer 31

low energy deposit materials on coast swash is stronger than backwash

Question 32

destructive waves characteristics

Answer 32

help erode and remove sediments such as sand and rock particles backwash is stronger than swash

Question 33

causes of tidal energy

Answer 33

sun and moon's influence over the ocean - height difference between low and high tides gives rise to tidal currents in coastal areas, drives the turbines - tidal energy - tidal power

Question 34

Causes of ocean currents

Answer 34

ocean currents are caused by differences in water density.

Question 35

what is the process that creates deep currents called?

Answer 35

thermohaline circulation

Question 36

high energy coasts

Answer 36

these tend to be stretches of the Atlantic-facing coasts, where the waves are powerful (large fetch) for most of the year

Question 37

low energy coasts

Answer 37

stretches of the coastline where waves are not powerful often the rate of deposition exceeds the rate of erosion

Question 38

sources of sediment

Answer 38

sources are places where sediment is generated, such as cliffs of eroding sand dunes. Some sources are offshore bars and river systems and these are an important source of sediment for the coast

Question 39

sediment budget

Answer 39

sedimentary budgets are a coastal management tool used to analyse and scribe the differences sediment inputs (sources) and outputs (sinks) on the coasts

Question 40

sediment cell/littoral cell

Answer 40

a sediment cell is a largely self-contained stretch of coastline. regarded as closed systems as sediment not usually transferred from one to the other. Reality= some sediment does get transferred between neighbouring cells

Question 41

Geomorphological processes

Answer 41

any process that alters the earths surface (e.g erosional, transportation and depositional processes.)

Question 42

Sub-aerial weathering

Answer 42

the break down of rock upon the earth surface (rock broken down without movement)

Question 43

salt weathering

Answer 43

the granular disintegration or fragmentation of rock material produced by saline soiloutions or by salt-crystal growth

Question 44

freeze-thaw weathering

Answer 44

the free-thaw weathering process is also known as frost shattering. Water (e.g from rain or melted ice) becomes trapped in a crack or joint n the rock - if the air temperature drops below freezing, the water will freeze and expand by 9-10% putting pressure on the rock

Question 45

chemical weathering

Answer 45

the erosion or disintegration of rocks, building materials, etc., caused by chemical reactions rather than mechanical processes

Question 46

chelation

Answer 46

a form of chemical weathering - organic acids released during decomposition release iron and aluminium from the A horizon combine with them to form chelates

Question 47

mass movement

Answer 47

a geomorphic process - the movement of soil and rock debris down slopes under the influence of gravity

Question 48

slumping

Answer 48

downward intermittent movement of rock debris, usually the consequence of removal of buttressing earth at the foot of a slope of unconsolidated material

Question 49

rockfalls

Answer 49

free or bounding fall of rock debris down steep slopes under the influence of gravity

Question 50

regolith

Answer 50

a region of loose unconsolidated rock and dust that sits atop a layer or bedrock

Question 51

erosion

Answer 51

the breakdown of rocks by wind, water or other natural agents

Question 52

abrasion

Answer 52

a process of erosion that occurs when material wears away at the surface over time

Question 53

Hydraulic action

Answer 53

sheer power of the water as it smashes against the cliffs. Water is pressurised in cracks within the cliff face

Question 54

cavitation

Answer 54

compression of air in sea-facing joints as waves crash against cliffs can cause sea water to be severely compressed

Question 55

corrosion

Answer 55

chemical erosion - rocks or stones can be eroded as water gets into cracks and hole and dissolves the rock through chemical changes

Question 56

attrition

Answer 56

rocks and pebbles repeatedly knock into each other, causes the rocks to erode or break

Question 57

transportation

Answer 57

the movement of material in the sear and alone the coast by waves

Question 58

solution

Answer 58

rock formations such as limestones being dissolved in a river setting - carbon dioxide in the presence of water forms carbonic acid that dissolves limestone

Question 59

suspension

Answer 59

method of transporting very fine sediment in water

Question 60

traction

Answer 60

method of transportation - for large stones or boulders in a river - the stones are Rolled along the river bottom by the water as too large to be transported in the water

Question 61

swash

Answer 61

when a wave reaches the shore - the water rushes up the beach.

Question 62

backwash

Answer 62

the water that runs back down the beach

Question 63

longshore drift

Answer 63

process of transportation that shifts eroded material along the coastline - waves approach the coast at an angle

Question 64

deposition

Answer 64

laying down of sediment carried by wind, flowing water, the sea or ice - can be transported as pebbles, sand and mud or salts dissolved in water

Question 65

river competence

Answer 65

rivers and streams carry sediment that ranges in size from clay (smallest) to boulders (largest) - the competence of a rover or stream referee to the largest particles that a river can transport

Question 66

loss of capacity

Answer 66

population size decreases above carrying capacity bc of factors depending on species - including: insufficient space, food supply, sunlight - carrying capacity of an environment varies for different species