Key Words - Paper 1 Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
Eukaryotic
A
Cell with a nucleus
2
Q
Prokaryotic
A
Cell without a nucleus
3
Q
Sub-cellular structures
A
Small structures inside a cell e.g. nucleus
4
Q
Nucleus
A
Contains DNA
5
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Where chemical reactions take place
6
Q
Cell membrane
A
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
7
Q
Mitochondria
A
Where aerobic respiration takes place
8
Q
Ribosomes
A
Where proteins are made
9
Q
Chloroplasts
A
Where photosynthesis occurs
10
Q
Vacuole
A
Contains cell sap
11
Q
Differentiation
A
When a cell becomes a specialised cell–
12
Q
Mitosis
A
Cell division where one set of chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides
13
Q
Stem cell
A
Cells that are undifferentiated but can turn into any type of cell
14
Q
Diffusion
A
The movement of particles from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration down a concentration gradient
15
Q
Osmosis
A
The movement of WATER from a DILUTE solution to a MORE CONCENTRATED solution
16
Q
Active transport
A
The movement of particles, e.g. mineral ions, from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration, AGAINST the concentration gradient, using ENERGY
17
Q
Cell with a nucleus
A
Eukaryotic
18
Q
Cell without a nucleus
A
Prokaryotic
19
Q
Small structures inside a cell e.g. nucleus
A
Sub-cellular structures
20
Q
Contains DNA
A
Nucleus
21
Q
Where chemical reactions take place
A
Cytoplasm
22
Q
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
A
Cell membrane
23
Q
Where aerobic respiration takes place
A
Mitochondria
24
Q
Where proteins are made
A
Ribosomes
25
Where photosynthesis occurs
Chloroplasts
26
Contains cell sap
Vacuole
27
When a cell becomes a specialised cell
Differentiation
28
Cell division where one set of chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides
Mitosis
29
Cells that are undifferentiated but can turn into any type of cell
Stem cell
30
The movement of particles from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration down a concentration gradient
Diffusion
31
The movement of WATER from a DILUTE solution to a MORE CONCENTRATED solution
Osmosis
32
The movement of particles, e.g. mineral ions, from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration, AGAINST the concentration gradient, using ENERGY
Active transport
33
Photosynthesis
The process by which plants make glucose using carbon dioxide, water and sunlight
34
Respiration
The process by which ENERGY is RELEASED from glucose
35
Limiting factor
Factor that is slowing down the rate of photosynthesis when it is not present
36
Aerobic respiration
Respiration where oxygen is used to release lots of energy
37
Anaerobic respiration
Respiration where oxygen is NOT used and releases only small amount of energy
38
Fermentation
Anaerobic respiration in yeast
39
Oxygen debt
The amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the built up lactic acid and remove it from the cells
40
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions in a cell or the body
41
The process by which plants make glucose using carbon dioxide, water and sunlight
Photosynthesis
42
The process by which ENERGY is RELEASED from glucose
Respiration
43
Factor that is slowing down the rate of photosynthesis when it is not present
Limiting factor
44
Respiration where oxygen is used to release lots of energy
Aerobic respiration
45
Respiration where oxygen is NOT used and releases only small amount of energy
Anaerobic respiration
46
Anaerobic respiration in yeast
Fermentation
47
The amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the built up lactic acid and remove it from the cells
Oxygen debt
48
All of the chemical reactions in a cell or the body
Metabolism
49
Enzyme
Protein with an active site of a specific shape which speeds up reactions
50
Carbohydrases
Enzymes that break down carbohydrates into simple sugars
51
Amylase
A carbohydrase enzyme that breaks down starch into simple sugars
52
Protease
An enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids
53
Lipase
An enzyme that breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
54
Lipids
Fats and oils
55
Bile
Alkaline substance produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It neutralises stomach acid and breaks down fats into small droplets
56
Emulsify
Break down into small droplets
57
Xylem
Plant tissue that transports WATER and dissolved mineral ions UP the plant
58
Phloem
Plant tissue that transports SUGARS UP and DOWN a plant
59
Meristem
Plant tissue found in the growing tips of roots and shoots
60
Stomata
Small holes underneath the leaf to allow gases to move in and out of the leaf
61
Guard cells
Cells that open and close the stomata to reduce water loss
62
Spongy mesophyll
Layer of cells in the leaf that allow gases to exchange
63
Palisade mesophyll
Layer of cells in the leaf that contain lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
64
Epidermal tissues
Layers of cells at the top of the leaf and the bottom of the leaf
65
Aorta
Major artery that carries OXYGENATED blood from the heart to the body cells
66
Vena cava
Major vein that carries DEOXYGENATED blood from the body cells to the heart
67
Pulmonary artery
Major artery that carries DEOXYGENATED blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen
68
Pulmonary vein
Major vein that carries OXYGENATED blood from the lungs to the heart
69
Valves
Stop blood flowing backwards
70
Artery
Blood vessel that carries blood AWAY from the heart
71
Vein
Blood vessel that carries blood into the heart
72
Capillary
Blood vessels that transport blood deep into the tissues to deliver oxygen and glucose
73
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Layers of fatty material built up in the coronary arteries, narrowing them, reducing blood flow
74
Stents
Used to keep the coronary arteries open
75
Statins
Drugs to reduce blood cholesterol
76
Risk factor
Linked to an increased rate of a disease
77
Benign tumour
Growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area
78
Malignant tumour
Cancers that invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body
79
Protein with an active site of a specific shape which speeds up reactions
Enzyme
80
Enzymes that break down carbohydrates into simple sugars
Carbohydrases
81
A carbohydrase enzyme that breaks down starch into simple sugars
Amylase
82
An enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids
Protease
83
An enzyme that breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Lipase
84
Fats and oils
Lipids
85
Alkaline substance produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It neutralises stomach acid and breaks down fats into small droplets
Bile
86
Break down into small droplets
Emulsify
87
Plant tissue that transports WATER and dissolved mineral ions UP the plant
Xylem
88
Plant tissue that transports SUGARS UP and DOWN a plant
Phloem
89
Plant tissue found in the growing tips of roots and shoots
Meristem
90
Small holes underneath the leaf to allow gases to move in and out of the leaf
Stomata
91
Cells that open and close the stomata to reduce water loss
Guard cells
92
Layer of cells in the leaf that allow gases to exchange
Spongy mesophyll
93
Layer of cells in the leaf that contain lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Palisade mesophyll
94
Layers of cells at the top of the leaf and the bottom of the leaf
Epidermal tissues
95
Major artery that carries OXYGENATED blood from the heart to the body cells
Aorta
96
Major vein that carries DEOXYGENATED blood from the body cells to the heart
Vena cava
97
Major artery that carries DEOXYGENATED blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen
Pulmonary artery
98
Major vein that carries OXYGENATED blood from the lungs to the heart
Pulmonary vein
99
Stop blood flowing backwards
Valves
100
Blood vessel that carries blood AWAY from the heart
Artery
101
Blood vessel that carries blood into the heart
Vein
102
Blood vessels that transport blood deep into the tissues to deliver oxygen and glucose
Capillary
103
Layers of fatty material built up in the coronary arteries, narrowing them, reducing blood flow
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
104
Used to keep the coronary arteries open
Stents
105
Drugs to reduce blood cholesterol
Statins
106
Linked to an increased rate of a disease
Risk factor
107
Growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area
Benign tumour
108
Cancers that invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body
Malignant tumour
109
Communicable
Infectious
110
Pathogen
Microorganism that causes disease, e.g. bacteria, fungi, virus, protist
111
Measles
Viral disease with symptoms of a fever and red skin rash
112
HIV
Virus that causes a flu-like illness but damages the immune system and develops into AIDS
113
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Plant virus causing discolouration of the leaves that affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis
114
Salmonella
Bacterial disease which causes food poisoning
115
Gonorrhoea
STD with symptoms of a thick yellow/green discharge and pain when urinating
116
Rose black spot
Fungal plant disease where purple/black spots develop on the leaves which turn yellow and drop off
117
Malaria
Disease caused by a protist where mosquitos are the vector
118
Vector
An organism that transports a disease from person to person
119
Phagocytosis
White blood cells engulf and digest pathogens
120
Antibodies
Produced by white blood cells to help kill pathogens
121
Placebo
Fake drug
122
Double-blind trial
A clinical trial where both the patient and the doctor do not know if the patient has been given a real drug or the placebo (fake drug)
123
Monoclonal antibodies
Antibodies specific to one binding site on one protein antigen
124
Hybridoma
A combination of a lymphocyte with a tumour cell
125
Nitrate deficiency
Causes stunted growth in plants
126
Magnesium deficiency
Causes chlorosis (yellowing of leaves) in plants
127
Physical defence
Plant defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms, e.g. tough waxy cuticle
128
Chemical defence
Plant defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms, e.g. poisons
129
Mechanical defence
Plant defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms, e.g. leaves which droop when touched
130
Infectious
Communicable
131
Microorganism that causes disease, e.g. bacteria, fungi, virus, protist
Pathogen
132
Viral disease with symptoms of a fever and red skin rash
Measles
133
Virus that causes a flu-like illness but damages the immune system and develops into AIDS
HIV
134
Plant virus causing discolouration of the leaves that affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
135
Bacterial disease which causes food poisoning
Salmonella
136
STD with symptoms of a thick yellow/green discharge and pain when urinating
Gonorrhoea
137
Fungal plant disease where purple/black spots develop on the leaves which turn yellow and drop off
Rose black spot
138
Disease caused by a protist where mosquitos are the vector
Malaria
139
An organism that transports a disease from person to person
Vector
140
White blood cells engulf and digest pathogens
Phagocytosis
141
Produced by white blood cells to help kill pathogens
Antibodies
142
Fake drug
Placebo
143
A clinical trial where both the patient and the doctor do not know if the patient has been given a real drug or the placebo (fake drug)
Double-blind trial
144
Antibodies specific to one binding site on one protein antigen
Monoclonal antibodies
145
A combination of a lymphocyte with a tumour cell
Hybridoma
146
Causes stunted growth in plants
Nitrate deficiency
147
Causes chlorosis (yellowing of leaves) in plants
Magnesium deficiency
148
Plant defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms, e.g. tough waxy cuticle
Physical defence
149
Plant defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms, e.g. poisons
Chemical defence
150
Plant defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms, e.g. leaves which droop when touched
Mechanical defence
151
Inserting small amounts of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen to stimulate antibody production
Vaccination
152
Vaccination
Inserting small amounts of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen to stimulate antibody production
153
Antibiotics
Medicines that cure bacterial infections by killing bacteria
154
Medicines that cure bacterial infections by killing bacteria
Antibiotics
