Keywords Flashcards
(141 cards)
0
Q
Acronym
A
An abbreviation formed from initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word e.g. NASA
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Abbreviation
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A shortened form of a word or phrase
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Active Voice
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Main speaker
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Q
Adjacency pair
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Two utterances that go together- e.g. A question or a call and response
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Adjective
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A word making an attribute of a noun
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Adverb
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Word or phrase that modifies the meaning of an adjective, verb or other adverb
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Alliteration
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Occurrence of the same letter or sound
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Anaphoric reference
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Referring back to or substituting a preceding word or group of words
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Antonym
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A word with an opposite meaning to another e.g. Bad and good
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Assonance
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When two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but star with different consonant sounds
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Assumed knowledge
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Internal understanding of a system or service
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Auxiliary
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Adds functional or grammatical meaning to a clause in which it appears IE- express tense
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Back formation
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Word found from an existing word which looks as though it is a derivative, typically by removal of suffix
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Blend
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Sounds blend together- collection of 2-3 consonant sounds
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Loan word
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Word borrowed from another language
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Bound morpheme
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Part of a larger word
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Broadsheet
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Large piece of paper with information on one side
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Cataphoric reference
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When a word refers to ideas later in the text- “It is amazing”
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Collocation
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Two or more words that go together- fast food
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Colloquial
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Slang- informal language and conversation
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Complex sentence
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A sentence containing s subordinate clause, clauses
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Compound sentence
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Sentence with more than one subject
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Compounding
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Composing a word with more than one free morpheme
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Conjunctions
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Words used to connect part of a sentence, or clauses. Can be subordinating it co-ordinating
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Connotations
Ideas and words which you link with something
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Declarative
Definite statement
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Definite article
Specific- ie "the"
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Deictic expressions
Relate the content of an utterance to the speaker, the address, and the time and place of utterance
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Denotation
Literal meaning
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Derivation
Formation of a word from another word or base
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Ellipsis
Word missed out
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Eponym
Something named after a person or thing
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Exclamative
Word or phrase which marks an explanation
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Expressive
Output of language, how someone represents his/her needs
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False start
Restarting the sentence,clause
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Filler
Examples- er, umm
| Allows speaker to maintain control of the conversation,time to speak and think
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Free morpheme
Word that can stand on its own
| Affixes may be attached
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GPC
pronunciation of words
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Grammatical Cohesion
Grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence which gives it meaning
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Grammatical Number
Grammatical category of nouns,pronouns and adjective and bern agreement
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Grammatical person
Singular-I
Plural-We
Yourself and yourselves with others
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GRASP
Genre Register Audience Subject Purpose
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Homophone
Each of two or more words having the same pronunciation but different meanings,origins or spelling-
new,knew
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Hyperbole
Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally
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Identification
Recognising someone's actions- You
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Imperative
Giving an authoritative command
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Indefinite article
Non specific- a,an
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Infinitive verb
Verb forms existing in many languages
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Initialism
An abbreviation consisting of initial letters pronounced separately
BBC
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Interactional
Language we use to build and maintain relationships
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Interlocutors
People taking part in a dialogue or conversation
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Interrogative
Direct question
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Interrogative pronoun
We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions.
The interrogative pronoun is the thing we don't know
Who,whom,what,which
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Possessive pronoun
C
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IRF
Iniation Response Feedback
The pattern of discussion between the teacher and the learner.
The teacher initiates,the learner responds,the teacher gives feedback
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Latinate
Words from Latin
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Lexeme
Word
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Lexical Cohesion
Chains of related words that contribute to the continuity of lexical meaning
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Main clause
Sometimes called an independent clause.
S-V-O pattern
Expressing a complete thought
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Monosyllabic
Words consisting of one syllable
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Morpheme
1. It is a word or a part of a word that has meaning.
2. It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful segments without changing its meaning or leaving a meaningless remainder.
3. It has relatively the same stable meaning in different verbal environments.
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Neologism
New word or expression
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Synonym
Word or phrase which means the same as another word- nearly
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Tabloid
A newspaper having pages half the size of those of the average broadsheet,typically popular in style and dominated by sensational stories
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Tag question
Where a declarative or imperative contains an interrogative fragment
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Topic Shift
the points at which speakers move from one topic to another – mark key points in spoken discourse and can be contested by either speaker, but decided upon by the dominant speaker in the end
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Formulaic phrase
"by the way…” and “incidentally…” or clauses like “that reminds me…” and “to change the subject…” may be used to bring one topic to an end & establish a new one
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Opener
social greetings, hospitality tokens (“have a drink“), or neutral topics (the weather), may then lead into a self-related comment (focusing on the speaker) or other related comment (focusing on the listener); then, further establish a co-operative atmosphere by selecting a topic that reflects the interests and experiences of all the participa
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Vocative
names, titles, terms of address – used in the initial position help to create a personal relationship between speakers and encourage interaction
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Neutral topic
social equals might use a neutral starting point or opening in a conversation (e.g. talking about the weather) in order to establish their relationship. This may then lead into a self-related comment (focusing on the speaker) or other related comment (focusing on the listener).
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Closing
used to sum up the exchange. Reference is often made to something outside the speech encounter as a reason for ending the discourse. Self- and other-related remarks are common, but neutral tokens like the weather are not. Closings are often repetitive since the speakers use delaying tactics, referring back to earlier topics and adopting frequently occurring formulae.
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Overlap
speech encounters are usually co-operative and most overlaps will therefore be resolved quickly, with one participant ceasing to speak
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Simultaneous speech
not always classed as interruption because it can enhance the collaborative approach of spoken discourse.
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Supportive minimal vocalisations
where a second speaker utters minimal responses like mmm or yeah, often the function of the utterances is to support rather than challenge
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Voiced hesitation
mm, er or repetition of words allow the speaker to pause without giving up their turn
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Adjacency pair
sequences of utterances called adjacency pairs create a recognisable structural pattern; they – follow each other, are produced by different speakers, have a logical connection, conform to a pattern – e.g. questions and answers, greetings/commands and their responses
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Maxim of quality
speakers should tell the truth. They should not say what they think is false, or make statements for which they lack evidence
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Maxim of quantity
a contribution should be as informative as is required for the conversation to proceed. It should be neither too little, nor too much. (It is not clear how one can decide what quantity of information satisfies the maxim in a given case.)
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Maxim of relevance
speakers’ contributions should relate clearly to the purpose of the exchange.
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Maxim of manner
speakers’ contributions should be perspicuous: clear, orderly and brief, avoiding obscurity and ambiguity
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Conversational lexis
yeah, cos, all right
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Colloquialisms
hiya, yeah, well & won’t
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Colloquial idiom
the phrases which chracterise spoken language and which don’t seem to serve any particular communicative function in and of themselves –e.g. in a minute, the thing is, as far as I can see
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clichés
such as that’s life will pepper some conversations and may be an indication of the fact that a speaker has little or nothing to say, that they are playing for time or that they are just going through the social motions and care little for the purpose of this conversation
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Slang
informal words or phrases which set up the tone of an interaction – e.g. heavy, wicked, safe
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Hyperbole
exaggeration for effect – e.g. on and on and on, really stupid, thousands – but so clichéd have some exaggerations become that they very often serve little or no purpose
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Fillers
participants in a conversation, because speech, unlike writing, is simultaneous and immediate, quite often need to play for time as they work out how to respond or how to turn the conversation the way that they want it to go – e.g. sort of, you know, I mean, like, know what I mean
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Phatic communication
speaking with no other purpose than speaking (social / interactional function) – wherever there is only a phatic purpose of an utterance it is worth analysing because it may say an awful lot about the relationship between the participants or about what either participant wishes to get out of the conversation
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Abbreviation
may be used where the speakers are well known enough to have established a code based upon familiarity and a shared view of the world
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in-slang or in-jokes
will be mutually intelligible only amongst insiders
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Deictic expressions
e.g. “this one“, “over there” or “right now” – typical of face-to-face interaction where speakers can refer to specific characteristics of the context
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imprecise references / vague language
stuff, thingee – apparent ambiguity – Because the speakers are familiar they have a shared knowledge of the topic, therefore they do not make explicit exactly what they are talking about
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Unfinished sentences
Left to dangle in the air – e.g. “… so I didn’t… it was just that…” – these are a feature of spoken interaction because some things just don’t have to be said, either because of pre-existing knowledge or paralinguistic aspects of the interaction
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Interrupted constructions
sentences that are dropped half-way through in favour of another – e.g. “so I think that perhaps it’s … what I’m trying to say is that I think it’s wrong”
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non-standard use of grammar
e.g. “we was playing records (.) he done that riff I showed you” – because of spoken language’s nature – specifically its temporary and spontaneous nature – less care will be given to ensuring that the formal rules of grammar are followed; but some utterancesare more spontaneous and carefree than others
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omission / ellipsis
leaving out of part of the sentence construction – e.g. “I’m trying to say I think it’s wrong” instead of “I’m trying to say that I think it’s wrong” – more common where the participants are known to each other and have less need of walking each other through what they need to get across
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Contraction
don’t, won’t, can’t, haven’t, she’s, we’d… - more frequent in spoken language owing to its immediacy and the participants usual rush to get everything they want said
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Co-ordination
"and”, “but”, “or” – co-ordination of clauses tends to be loose, often using a clause like you know as an introductory link –speech is not structured into sentences as such, but into long strings of loosely coordinated clauses
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Tag question
do you know what I mean?”, “do you see”, “y’know”) maintains the pace of spoken discourse and ensures that the other is listening, but depending on the context they can show a great neediness on the part of the participant who feels the need for constant answers and reassurance that the other is listening.
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non-fluency feature / filler
sort of, you know, I mean, like, know what I mean – normal non-fluency features are common, clearly distinguishing between written and spoken language. The more formal the tenor, the less likely there are to be examples of hesitancy and slips of the tongue, etc. However, even in more formal situations transcripts may reveal evidence of non-fluency – but such “errors” are taken for granted and often go unnoticed.
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non-verbal signals / paralinguistics
e.g. raising an eyebrow, winking – so much goes on in a conversation over and above the words used – the script itself can only be a fraction of the communicative content
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Pause
can signal the end of a turn and an invitation to reply. Pauses can be highly significant; if there are very few of them, if only one participant engenders them, or if they are very frequent, will, depending on the context, tell us a lot about the dynamics of the interchange
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voiced hesitations / hesitation indicators
are common as they allow speakers to pause without communication breaking down – mm, er, or repetition of words, filler sounds e.g. “a-a-a-“, “the-the-the” – indicate to the other person that the speaker isn’t finished his turn
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emphatic stress
used to highlight key lexical items which aids meaning in a situation where the speakers have no visual means of emphasis (e.g. a telephone conversation or an MSN exchange)
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Open question
A question which demands more information than a simple yes or no, one which passes the turn over to the other person fully and expects the listener to contribute fully to the exchange
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Closed question
a question which needs only a yes or no answer – which can be merely an attempt to receive some confirmatory / supportive noises on the part of the speaker, or a prompt for them to begin speaking, giving their yes or no answer, followed by an explanation – it all depends on the context
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Convergence
more commonly used just to refer to the way people are speaking – their accents – and how they end up speaking more and more like each other as the exchange progresses. But can equally apply to levels of formality, tone of voice or politeness levels
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False start
speakers can and do paint themselves into corners, but at least they have the good sense to start again – just another consequence of the immediacy of spoken interaction
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Discourse maker
a catch all term for any word or phrase which marks a change in the discourse i.e. the nature, direction or tone of the utterance, e.g. to lead attention one way or another, to signify a change of focus or to mark any other shift – e.g. “like”, “alright”, “so” and so many others – each one can only be explained in the particular context of the exchange
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Given information
that which is understood between the participants before the exchange is begun, but which might not be known to a third party listening in (i.e. the reader of the script – you!)
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New information
that which is exchanged during the conversation in question
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Hedge
to soften expressions that might otherwise appear too direct, abrupt or unduly authoritative or assertive – any word or phrase used to “beat about the bush” and avoid a direct attack on someone’s sense of self-worth
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Idiolect
the language characteristic of any particular individual
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Self-related comment
whether a comment is related to the speaker herself or to the listener can be very significant and is often worth pointing out. If there are a preponderance of self-related comments then the speaker might be seen as unduly careless of her listener’s needs or doesn’t feel obliged to meet them for one reason or another
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Other-related comment
whether a comment is related to the speaker herself or to the listener can be very significant and is often worth pointing out. If there are a preponderance of other-related comments then the speaker might be seen as excessively deferential towards the other participant in the conversation owing to their relative status levels
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non-sequitur
It is a comment which, due to its lack of meaning relative to the comment it follows, is absurd to the point of being humorous or confusing. Its use can be deliberate or unintentional. Literally, it is Latin for “it does not follow.”
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Minor sentence
a non-grammatical sentence
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dispreferred response
is a response which is unexpected, not necessarily ruse, but contrary to what a particular statement, question, imperative or comment would normally engender – either in its content, tone, duration or force
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raised/falling intonation
raising your intonation is the easiest way to signal that you intend what you are saying to be taken for a question and that you require a response, namely the answer, but intonation can be raised or lowered for any number of reasons to achieve any number of effects which add to the communicative content of the utterance.
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Relative status
which participant is of a lower or higher status relative to the other is always significant and you should be able to tell from how the conversation progresses
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Foregrounding
the use of grammar / the ordering of the words used in any utterance to give precedence to one particular word or phrase
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Implicature
what is suggested in an utterance, even though not expressed nor strictly implied by the utterance. For example, the sentence “Mary had a baby and got married” strongly suggests that Mary had the baby before the wedding, but the sentence would still be strictly true if Mary had her baby after she got married.
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Positive politeness
pay attention, seek agreement, presuppose common ground, avoid disagreement, make jokes, etc.
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Negative politeness
be indirect, question, hedge, give deference, be apologetic
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Positive face needs
use greetings, compliments & appropriate terms of address
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Negative face needs
using hedges and apologies to avoid face-threatening behavior
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Footing
how people align themselves to what they are saying
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Leech's maxims
| Tact maxim
(in directives [impositives] and commissives): minimise cost to other; [maximise benefit to other]
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Leech's maxims
| Generosity maxim
(in directives and commissives): minimise benefit to self; [maximise cost to self]
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Leech's maxims
| approbation maxim
(in expressives and representatives [assertives]): minimise dispraise of other; [maximise praise of other]
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Leech's maxims
| modesty maxim
(in expressives and representatives): minimise praise of self; [maximise dispraise of self]
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Leech's maxims
| Agreement maxim
(in representatives): minimise disagreement between self and other; [maximise agreement between self and other]
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Leech's maxims
| Sympathy maxim
(in representatives): minimise antipathy between self and other; [maximise sympathy between self and other]
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Phatic token
way of showing status by orienting comments to oneself, to the other, or to the general or prevailing situation (in England this is usually the weather).
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self-oriented phatic token
personal to the speaker: I’m not up to this, My feet are killing me
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other-oriented phatic token
related to the hearer: Do you work here? You seem to know what you’re doing.
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neutral token
refers to the context or general state of affairs: Cold, isn’t it? Lovely flowers.
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Brown and Levinson politeness behaviour strategies:
| bald on-record strategy
does nothing to minimize threats to the hearer’s “face”
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Brown and Levinson politeness behaviour strategies:
| Positive politeness strategy
shows you recognize that your hearer has a desire to be respected. It also confirms that the relationship is friendly and expresses group reciprocity.
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Brown and Levinson politeness behaviour strategies:
| Negative politeness strategy
also recognizes the hearer’s face. But it also recognizes that you are in some way imposing on them. Some other examples would be to say, “I don’t want to bother you but…” or “I was wondering if…”
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Brown and Levinson politeness behaviour strategies:
| off-record indirect strategy
take some of the pressure off of you. You are trying to avoid the direct FTA of asking for a beer. Instead you would rather it be offered to you once your hearer sees that you want one.
